PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND

GOVERNMENT
INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY- ORIGINALLY MEANT “THE SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE AND
TRUTH-A SEARCHING TO FIND OUT.”
• IT IS DEFINED AS “ANY INTEGRATED NARRATIVE OF DESCRIPTION OF
PAST EVENTS OR FACTS WRITTEN IN A SPIRIT OF CRITICAL INQUIRY
FOR THE WHOLE TRUTH.” ( NEVINS,1988)
• IT IS ALSO DEFINED AS A; SOCIAL SCEINCE THAT DEALS WITH THE
STUDY OF THE WRITTEN RECORDS OF PAST EVENTS WHICH IS
CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED TO GIVE SIGNIFICANCE TO THE
FUTURE.
INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY IS ALSO DEFINED AS A CONTINUOS, SYSTEMIC NARRATIVE
OF PAST EVENTS AS RELATING TO A PARTICULAR PEOPLE, COUNTRY,
PERIOD, PERSON, EVENTS, LIFE AND WORKS, USUALLY WRITTEN AS A
CHRONOLOGICAL ACCOUNT; CHRONICLE.
• THE WORD HISTORY ORIGINATES FROM THE LATIN WORD HISTORIA,
WHICH MEANS “LEARNING OR KNOWING BY INQUIRY.”
INTRODUCTION
• IN THE EARLY 5TH CENTURY B.C, A GREEK HISTORIAN NAMED,
HERODOTUS OF HALICARNUSSUS, COMPOSED THE FIRST CRITICAL
HISTORY IN THE WESTERN TRADITION BY WRITING THE TRUTH
ABOUT GREEK WARS AGAINST THE PERSIANS.
• HE IS CONSIDERED AS THE “FATHER OF HISTORY”
SOURCES OF HISTORY
• HISTORICAL SOURCES ARE, AT THEIR MOST BASIC LEVEL, SOMETHING
THAT TELLS US ABOUT HISTORY. IT MAY BE A DOCUMENT, ARTIFACTS,
OBJECTS, PICTURES, BOOKS, TANGIBLE MATERIALS OR EVEN
INTANGIBLE THINGS.
• THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES, THESE ARE:
• The PRIMARY SOURCES and SECONDARY SOURCES.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
• PRIMARY SOURCES- IT IS THE EVIDENCE OF AN EYE WITNESS OR
MECHANICAL DEVICE WHICH WAS PRESENT AT THE TIME OF THE
OCCURRENCE OF AN EVENT.

• SECONDARY SOURCES- IT IS THE EVIDENCE OF SOMEONE WHO WAS

NOT PRESENT AT THE TIME OF OCCURRENCE OF THE EVENT. E.G.,
BOOKS WRITTEN BY HISTORIANS. SECONDARY SOURCES IS ITSELF
DEPENDENT ON PRIMARY SOURCES.
PRIMARY SOURCE OF HISTORY
• THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF HISTORY CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THE
FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:
1. CONTEMPORARY RECORDS
2. CONFIDENTIAL REPORTS
3. PUBLIC REPORTS
4. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
5. PUBLIC OPINION
6. FOLKLORES AND PROVERBS
CONTEMPORARY RECORDS
• THESE TYPE OF PRIMARY SOURCES ARE IN THE FORM OF HE
INSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS, STENOGRAPHIC AND PHONOGRAPHIC
RECORDS.
• THE BUSINESS AND LEGAL PAPER AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, ETC.
• THE INSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS MAY BE IN THE FORM OF AN
APPOINTMENT NOTIFICATION, AND DIRECTION FROM FOREIGN
OFFICE TO THE AMBASSADORS.
• GENERALLY SUCH DOCUMENTS HAVE VERY LITTLE CHANCE OF
ERRORS BUT IT IS ESSENTIAL TO ASCERTAIN THEIR AUTHENTICITY.
CONFIDENTIAL REPORTS
• THE CONFIDENTIAL REPORTS ARE NOT INTENDED FOR GENERAL
AUDIENCE AND ARE LESS RELIABLE THAN THE CONTEMPORARY
SOURCES.
• THESE TYPES OF REPORTS ARE GENERALLY IN THE FORMS OF
MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC DISPATCHES, JOURNALS, DIARIES OR
MEMOIRS AND PERSONAL LETTERS.
PUBLIC RECORDS
• THE PUBLIC RECORDS ARE MEANT FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC AND
LESS RELIABLE.
• USUALLY THE RELIABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS DEPENDS ON THE
SOURCE AND ITS ORIGINS
• EXAMPLES ARE NEWPAPERS, GOVERNMENT ORDERS,
AUTOBIOGRAPHIES AND MEMOIRS.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
• NUMEROUS GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS ARE COMPILED WHICH ARE
ALSO A SOURCE OF VITAL IMPORTANCE TO THE HISTORIANS SUCH AS
STATISTICS ABOUT FISCAL, CENSUS, AND VITAL MATTERS WHICH CAN
BE MADE USE OF BY THE HISTORIANS.
• ALL THESES REPORTS HAVE FIRST HAND IMPORTANCE, BUT REQUIRES
PROPER EVALUATION BEFORE USE.
PUBLIC OPINION
• THEY ARE USUALLY EXPRESSED IN EDITIORIALS, SPEECHES,
PAMPHLETS, LETTER TO EDITOR .
• THE PROBLEM WITH THIS PRIMARY SOURCE IS ITS AUTHENTICITY
AND IT MUST BE CORROBORATED BY OTHER EVIDENCE BECAUSE
PUBLIC OPION MAY NOT BE ALWAYS RELIABLE.
FOLKLORES AND PROVERBS
• FOLKLORES REVEALS THE STORIES OF LEGENDARY HEROES AND
MYTHS.
• THEY TELL US ABOUT THE ASPIRATIONS, SUPERSTITIONS AND
CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE AMONG WHOM THE STOREIS DEVELOPED
EX. BIAG NI LAM-ANG, MALAKAS AT SI MAGANDA, JUAN TAMAD.
FORMAT OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
• THEY ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES, WHICH ARE:
1. WRITTEN SOURCES- WRITTEN SOURCES REFLECT DOCUMENTS
SUCH AS OFFICIAL REPORTS, SPEECHES, PAMPHLETS, POSTERS, ETC.
THEY ARE USUALLY TANGIBLE THINGS.
2. NON-WRITTEN SOURCES- ARE THOSE THAT ARE PART OF ORAL
HISTORY, IT INCLUDES MYTHS, LEGENDS, FOLKLORE, PROVERBS,
SONGS, EVIDENCES USED BY EARLY HUMANS AND CIVILIZATIONS.
-THER ARE TWO (2) KINDS OF NON-WRITTEN SOURCES, ORAL
SOURCES AND MATERIAL EVIDENCE.
FORMAT OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
• ORAL SOURCES- MYTHS, LEGENDS, FOLKLORE,SONGS, PROVERBS.
USUALLY, STORIES HANDED FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
• MATERIAL EVIDENCE- THESE ARE ARTIFACTS, RELICS, FOSSILS,
HISTORICAL SITES, SHRINES, RUINS, BUILDINGS, PHOTOGRAPHS,
VIDEOS.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM vs. INTERNAL CRITICISM
• IN THE STUDY OF HISTORY, THERE ARE TWO MENTAL PROCESSES
USED IN CERTAIN DATA AND THESE ARE:

• EXTERNAL CRITICISM
• INTERNAL CRITICISM
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
• SOMETIMES CALLED “LOWER CRITICISM”
• External criticism applies "science to a document."
• It involves such physical and technical tests as dating of paper a
document is written on, but it also involves a knowledge of when
certain things existed or were possible.
• It determines the “Genuineness of a Document.”
INTERNAL CRITICISM
• IT REFERS TO THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS OF A DOCUMENT.
• IT LOOKS WITHIN THE DATA ITSELF TO TRY TO DETERMINE TRUTH—
FACTS AND “REASONABLE” INTERPRETATION.
• IT INCLUDES LOOKING AT THE APPARENT OR POSSIBLE MOTIVES OF
THE PERSON PROVIDING THE DATA.
CHAPTER 1: THE PHYSICAL BACKGROUND
GEOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is an island country of Southeast Asia in the western Pacific
Ocean.
It is an archipelago consisting of some 7,107 islands (now 7,641) and islets lying
about 500 miles (800 km) off the coast of Vietnam. Manila is the capital, but
nearby Quezon City is the country’s most-populous city. Both are part of the
National Capital Region (Metro Manila), located on Luzon, the largest island.
The second largest island of the Philippines is Mindanao, in the southeast.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The nearby countries that surrounds the Philippines in the South East Asian
Region are:
• Vietnam
• Laos
• Thailand
• Singapore
• Cambodia
• Malaysia
• Indonesia
• Brunei
GEOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
THEORIES OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The Philippines came into being as a result of geological changes that
took place thousands of years ago.
1. Volcanic eruption theory/ magmatic Theory
2. Land-bridge Theory/ Asiatic Theory
3. Mu or meuria Theory/ Continental Drift Theory
VOLCANIC ERUPTION THEORY
• ALSO KNOWN AS MAGMATIC THEORY
LAND-BRIDGE THEORY
• ALSO KNOWN AS ASIATIC THEORY