What is it??

The transformer is a device that transfers

electrical energy fro one electrical circuit to
another electrical circuit through the medium of
magnetic field, without change in frequency.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER

As per phase As per construction As per cooling system

1. Single phase 1. Core type 1. Self-cooled
2. Shell type 2. Air cooled
2. Three phase 3. Oil cooled
Transformer: Parts

Transformer consists of two main parts :

1. Core
2. Windings
 Core : Function and Construction

Core is made up of steel laminations, which

are insulated by thin layer of varnish.

This is done in order to reduce the eddy

current losses(as the net area for eddy
current formation is reduced).
Windings

Windings generally are of two types:

1.HV Windings
2.LV Windings

HV windings has more number of turns compared to LV windings.

Windings are made up of thick copper wires in order to reduce the

current density and hence reducing I^2r losses.

The HV and LV windings are insulated by insulating material.

 Windings : On basis of
construction.
Winding

Concentric
Sandwich

Spiral Continuous
Helical Shell
Cross-over disc
Windings Details
 Spiral: It is used 100 A& for low Voltage Winding
 Mechanically very strong
 Helical :Intermediate range of current
 Suitable for LV winding of large transformer
 Cross-over: suitable of current not exceeding 20 A
 Use for HV winding of small transformer
 Continuous disc: no of turns wound radially over one another
 separated by spacers
 HV winding
 Mechanically strong
 Sandwich: mostly used for shell type transformer
 Control leakage reactance
 HV & LV are near so leakage flux is reduced
 mmf of each section is same.
Cut view of transformer
Transformer: Types on basis of
Construction
There are two main types of
transformers
(a) Core type
(b)Shell Type
Arrangements of Laminates
 Principle

 It is based on the
principle of mutual
induction that is : “If a
varying current is set-up
in a circuit then induced
e.m.f. is produced in the
neighboring circuit”.
 The varying current in
a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux
which induces e.m.f. in
the neighboring circuit.
LOSSES

1. The Joule effect, where energy is lost as heat in the conductor.

2. Magnetic losses (Hysteresis and Eddy current losses)
3. Stray losses.
4. Mechanical losses.
5. Magnetostriction
Minimising these losses result in an increase in the efficiency of a transformer.
Using thick Laminations
copper reduce eddy
wires current losses
reduces
heat losses
Reducing Hysteresis Losses
Air core transformer eliminates loss due to hysteresis in the core
material but has more leakage flux. Air core provides very low
inductance in most situations. Hence it is not a plausible solution.

Another remedy is to use soft magnetic materials with low

hysteresis, such as silicon steel, steel alloys, Mn-Zn ferrite,.
Soft magnetic materials are optimal to be used in transformer
core because of following advantages

Silicon steel core

Stray loss reduction of a power transformer by
employing wall shunts
With growing transformer ratings, the stray loss problem becomes increasingly important. In large rating
transformers, the stray losses in structural components constitute about 10-40% of the total load losses. In large
units, a common method used for controlling and reducing the stray losses caused by the leakage field, is the
use of magnetic wall shunts

Wall Shunts are shown in light blue.

How to overcome Mechanical losses.
By using toroidal transformers.
Audible hum in transformers is caused by vibration of the windings and core layers due to forces between coil
turns and core laminations. Clamps, bands, rivets, and welds cannot bind the entire structure. Varnish
penetrates the laminations only partially. Laminations tend to loosen over time, producing increasing hum.
The nature of the toroidal transformer's construction helps to dampen acoustic noise. The core is tightly wound in
clock spring fashion, spot welded, annealed and coated with epoxy resin.
Magnetostriction
It is a property of ferromagnetic
materials that causes them to
change their shape or dimensions
during the process of
magnetization. The variation of
materials' magnetization due to the
applied magnetic field changes the
magnetostrictive strain until
reaching its saturation value.
 REDUCING IT’S EFFECTS:
During core design the flux density should be chosen
carefully. Reducing the flux density in the yoke (adding
laminations) will help to reduce the problem
Eliminating airgaps in the core is also effective, so make sure
laminations are cut precisely and edges made without gaps.
Core fixing pressure should be adequate and uniform. Coils
should be assembled firmly
For cooling and protection

 High voltage insulated bushings.

 An enclosure tank filled with
dielectric material(cooling oil).
 External radiator fins.
 A conservator tank.
DUE TO EDDY CURRENT LOSSES AND
ALSO COPPER LOSSES THE
TRANSFORMER
CONSTRUCTION GETS HEATED UP.

THIS HEAT IS DISSIPATED OUT BY THE

PROCESS OF CONVECTION THROUGH THE
COOLING OIL ,WHICH INTURN IS
COOLED BY HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN
AIR AND RADIATOR FINS.
ALSO WHEN THE OIL GETS HEATED UP , IT EXPANDS
.TO COMPENSATE FOR THIS INCREASE IN VOLUME A
CONSERVATOR TANK IS PROVIDED WHICH HOLDS
THE INCREASED VOLUME
HIGH VOLTAGE AND
LOW VOLTAGE
INSULATED
BUSHINGS ARE USED
TO PREVENT
DIELECTRIC
BREAKDOWN OF
INSULATING
MATERIAL AT THE
TERMINALS OF A
TRANSFORMER DUE
TO HIGH VOLTAGE’S.
APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMERS
ALSO INCLUDES:

 A TRANSFORMER CAN BE USED TO PREVENT D.C. CURRENT FROM

PASSING THROUGH ONE CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER.
 IT CAN BE USED TO ISOLATE TWO CIRCUITS ELECTRICALLY.
 IT CAN BE USED FOR IMPEDENCE MATCHING AND THUS HELP
TO MAXIMIZE THE POWER TRANSFER.
 IT CAN BE USED TO INCREASE THE VALUE OF CAPACITANCE
,INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN AN A.C. CIRCUIT AND THUS
CAN BE USED AS AN IMPEDENCE TRANSFERRING DEVICE.
TRANSFORMERS ARE ALSO USED IN ELECTRONIC
(D.C.) DEVICE CHAREGERS TO STEP DOWN
VOLTAGE LEVELS OF STANDARD A.C. SOCKET .

TRANSFORMER
Contributions by

U15EE057-U15EE094
(EXCLUDING GIRLS)

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