TITLE : WATER TREATMENT

Basic Criteria For Design Water Treatment Plant

Component

Nama Pensyarah : Puan Raja Norazilla Binti Raja Yunus

NAME MATRIC NO.

SYAFIQAH BINTI MOHD YUNUS 15DKA16F2O36
KOGILAA A/P RAVI 15DKA16F2020
GOWRY A/P THANGARAJU 15DKA16F2010
FARAH ADIBA BINTI ZAINAL 15DKA16F1137
NORLIANA FITRIAH BINTI ABU 15DKA16F2035
SANUSI
KIRTHANA A/P VELMURUGU 15DKA16F2025
 FLOCCULATION TANK
• Flocculation is the gentle mixing phase that follows the rapid dispersion of
coagulant by the flash mixing unit.
• The aggregation of particular matter is a 2 step process
-The coagulant is added and reduces the inter particle forces.
-The particles then collide and enmesh into larger particles.
• Flocculation can be provided by either mechanical mixers or baffles.
• Common types of units the mixing system include:
Mechanical mixing
-Vertical shaft with turbine or propeller type blades
-Paddle type with either horizontal or vertical shafts
Baffled channel basins
-Horizontal baffled channel
-Vertically baffled channel
• Flocculation process should be based on the following criteria
-Treatment process :convential, direct, softening or sludge conditioning
-Raw water: turbidity, colour, TDS.
 SEDIMENTATION TANK
• Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove
suspended solids from water .
• Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving water may be removed
naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans.
• Settling basins are ponds constructed for the purpose of removing entrained
solids by sedimentation.
• Clarifiers are tanks built with mechanical means for continuos removal of
solids being deposited by sedimentation.
• Suspended solids ,is the mass of dry solids retained by a filter of a given
porosity solids retained by a filter of a given porosity related to the volume of
the water sample.
• This includes particles 10 cm and greater.
• Colloids are particles of a size between 0.001 cm and 1 cm depending on the
method of quantification.
• Because of Brownian motion and electrostatic forces balancing the gravity,
they are not likely to settle naturally.
• The limit sedimentation velocity of a particle is its theoretical descending
speed in clear and still water.
 FILTRATION TANK
• Filtration plays an important role in the natural treatment of groundwater as
it percolates through the soil.
• Groundwater has been softened or treated through iron and manganese
oxidation.
• Filtration can be compared to a sieve or micro-strainer that traps suspended
material between the grains of filter media.
• Filtration primarily depends on a combination of complex physical and
chemical mechanisms.
 TYPES OF FILTERS

• Rapid sand filters

-Filter tank or filter box
-Filter sand or mixed media
-Gravel support bed
-Wash water troughs
-Filter bed agitators
• High rate filters
• Pressure filters
 BACKWASHING OF FILTERS
• Mud balls
-formed by the filter media cementing together with the floc that the filter is
supposed to remove .
-As the balls gain weight they will settle to the bottom of the filter and occupy
valuable filter volume.
-Filter cracking and separation of the media from the filter walls may also be
the result of mud ball formation.
• Filter bed shrinkage
-Filter bed shrinkage can result from ineffective backwashing.
-Media grains in a clean filter rest directly against each other with very little
compaction.
-The flow will seek the crack and go straight through,resulting in excessive turbidity in
the effluent.
• Separation of gravel
-Caused by the backwash valve opening too quickly.
-This could also be caused by the filter underdrain being plugged,causing uneven
distributionof the backwash water.
• Air binding
-Is the result of pressure in the filter becoming negative during operation.
-This caused the air dissolved in the water to come out of the solution and become
trapped in the filter resulting in resistance and short filter runs.
• Media loss
- Some are loss in each time the filter is backwashed, especially if the filter surface wash
is used.
-After a well operated filter backwash the filter should be level and smooth with no
cracks or mud balls at the surface.
VIDEO