TYPES OF TURBINES AND

ITS UTILIZATION
 What is a TURBINE???
 A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy
from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid
and converts it into useful work.

 A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part

called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades
attached.

 Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart
rotational energy to the rotor.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The working principle is very much simple.
• When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are
displaced, which produces rotational energy.
• When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric gene-
-rator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
• This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.
 Basic types of turbines
• Water Turbine
• Steam Turbine
• Gas Turbine
• Wind Turbine

Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific

designs differ sufficiently to merit separate descriptions.
 Water turbines
• Impulse turbines
• Reaction turbines
 Impulse Turbine
• In an impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fired through a
narrow nozzle at the turbine blades to make them spin around.
• The blades of an impulse turbine are usually bucket-shaped so
they catch the fluid and direct it off at an angle.
• In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the turbine at
high speed.
Types of Impulse Turbines
I. Pelton Turbine

II. Cross-flow Turbine

 Pelton Wheel
• These are usually used for high head, low flow power plants.
• It was invented by Lester Ella Pelton in the 1870s.
• Nozzles are direct forceful, high speed streams of water
against a rotary series of spoon-shaped buckets, also known as
impulse blades, which are mounted around the circumferential
rim of a drive wheel also called a runner.
• As the water jet hit the bucket-blades, the direction of water
velocity is changed to follow the contours of the bucket.
• Water impulse energy exerts torque on the bucket and wheel
system, spinning the wheel; the water stream itself does a "u-
turn" and exits at the outer sides of the bucket.
• Pelton wheels operate best with Drop height: (50 - 2000 m)
and Flow rate is (4 - 15 m3/s)
Pelton’s Wheel
 Cross-flow Turbine
• It is developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903 and is used for
low heads. (10–70 meters)
• As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's
edge. After passing the runner, it leaves on the opposite side.
• Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency.
• The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well
suited for locations with a low head but high flow.
 Reaction Turbine
• In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are achieved by
the reaction of an accelerating water flow in the runner while
the pressure drops. The reaction principle can be observed in a
rotary lawn sprinkler where the emerging jet drives the rotor in
the opposite direction.

• In reaction turbines torque developed by reacting to the fluid's

pressure. The pressure of the fluid
changes as it passes through the
turbine rotor blades.
Types of Reaction Turbines
• Kaplan Turbine

• Francis Turbine

• Kinetic Turbine
 Kaplan Turbine
• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable
blades and is used for low heads and high discharges.
• It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor
Kaplan.
• The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which
means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves
through the turbine and gives up its energy.
• The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the
turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially through the
wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner,
causing it to spin.
The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10 - 700 m and Flow
rate 4 - 55 m3/s
Kaplan Turbine
 Francis Turbine
• The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was
developed by James B.Franceis and are used for medium
head(45-400 m) and medium discharge.(10-700 m^3/s)
• The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of
turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under
immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine
blades from the working fluid.
• The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water
flow and recover the pressure.
• Water flow is radial from exterior to interior.
Francis Turbine
 Kinetic Turbines
• Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines,
generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing
water.
• The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal
waters, or ocean currents.
• Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway.
• They do not require the diversion of water through manmade
channels, riverbeds, or pipes,
• They might have applications in such conduits.
• Kinetic systems do not require large civil works; however,
they can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and
channels and do not require any dam or reservoir.
Kinetic Turbines
 Steam Turbine
• A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy
from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work
on a rotating output shaft.
• This turbine was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884
• Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity
in thermal power plants, such as plants using coal fuel oil
or nuclear fuel.
• Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging
from small to large . used as mechanical drives for
pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment,
used to generate electricity (upto1.5 GW) .
Stream Turbine
 Gas turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of
internal combustion engine.
• Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings
it to higher pressure.
• Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting
it so the combustion generates a high-temperature flow.
• Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical
generators or even tanks.
Gas Turbine
 Wind Turbine
• A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from
the wind into electrical power .
• Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three
components:.
• The rotor component , includes the blades for converting
wind energy to low speed rotational energy.
• The generator component, includes the electrical generator,
the control electronics, and most likely a gearbox
• The structural support component, includes the tower etc
• Wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as
a wind charger.
Wind Turbines
 Types of wind turbines
Horizontal-axis wind turbines
• Horizontal-axis wind
turbines are being parallel to
the ground, the axis of blade
rotation is parallel to the
wind flow.
Vertical-axis wind turbines
• Vertical-axis wind turbines
has its blades rotating on an
axis perpendicular to the
ground.