ORACLE SQL

Overview
Personal DBMS Vs Client/Server DBMS
Oracle 8 Environment
SQL – syntax and examples
PL/SQL-introduction
 Server

Gets file requests from clients

Personal Sends files to client
DBMS Receives files back from clients

NETWORK

Client A
Sends file requests to server
Receives files from server
Updates data
Sends files back to server
Client B
Sends file requests to server
Receives files from server
Updates data
Sends files back to server
 Personal DBMS - Problems

Demand on the client and the network

Does not perform table locking automatically
Not fault tolerant in the case of client failure
Do not have file based transaction logging
 Server

Gets data requests from clients

Client/server Adds, Deletes and updates data
DBMS Sends results to clients

NETWORK

Client A
Sends data requests to server
Receives results from server
Sends new data or changes to server
Client B
Sends data requests to server
Receives results from server
Sends new data or changes to server
 Client/Server DBMS

Minimal load on the client and the network

Performs table locking automatically
Fault tolerant in the case of client failure
File based transaction logging
 Oracle 8 Environment

SQL * Plus
PL/SQL
Query Builder
Developer
Enterprise Manager
Web application server
 SQL*Plus commands
Sqlplus username/password

ALTER USER user-name IDENTIFIED BY newpassword

START filename | @ filename

CLEAR SCREEN

HELP <command>

SAVE filename[.ext] REPLACE|APPEND

EXIT
 SQL
Both an ANSI and ISO standard
Types of commands:
1. Data Definition Language (DDL) : Create, Alter,
Drop, Rename, Truncate
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML): Insert,
Delete, Update
3. Data Retrieval: Select
4. Transaction Control: Commit, Rollback, Savepoint
5. Data Control Language (DCL): Grant, Revoke
 DEPARTMENT
Dept Dept Location
ID Name
10 Finance Charlotte
20 Infosys New York
30 Marketing Woodbridge
40 Accountant California

POSITION
QUALIFICATION
Position Position
ID Description Qualification Qualification
1 President ID Description
2 Manager 1 Doctorate
3 Programmer 2 Masters
4 Accountant 3 Bachelors
5 Salesman 4 Associates
 EMPLOYEE

Emp Last First Position Super Hire Salary Comm Dept Qual
ID Name Name ID ID Date ID ID

111 Smith John 1 04/15/60 265000 3500 10 1

246 Houston Larry 2 111 05/19/67 150000 1000 40 2

123 Roberts Sandi 2 111 12/02/91 75000 10 2

433 McCall Alex 3 543 05/10/97 66500 20 4

543 Dev Dereck 2 111 03/15/95 80000 2000 20 1

200 Shaw Jinku 5 135 01/03/00 24500 3000 30

222 Chen Sunny 4 123 08/15/99 35000 10 3

135 Garner Stanley 2 111 02/29/96 45000 5000 30 5

Data Definition Language:
CREATE TABLE {table}
( {column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint] ... | table_constraint}
[, { column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint] ...
)

ALTER TABLE {table}

[ADD|MODIFY {column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint]}
[DROP drop_clause]

DROP TABLE {table} [cascade constraints]

DESC {table}
CREATE TABLE Emp
(
empid Decimal(10) NOT NULL,
positionid Number(2),
supervisorid Number(3),
deptid Number(2),
qualid Number(1),
lname varchar2(10),
fname varchar2(10),
salary Decimal(10,2),
hiredate Date,
commission Decimal(4,2),
PRIMARY KEY (empid),
FOREIGN KEY (positionid) REFERENCES Position(positionid),
FOREIGN KEY (deptid) REFERENCES Dept(deptid),
FOREIGN KEY (qualid) REFERENCES Qualification(qualid)
);

ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY Commission decimal(7,2);

Data Manipulation Language:

INSERT INTO {table | view} [ (column [, column] ...) ]

VALUES (expr,expr ...)

UPDATE {table | view }

SET { (column [, column] = { expr | }
[WHERE condition]

DELETE [FROM] {table | view} [WHERE condition]

INSERT INTO Dept( deptid,deptname,location)
VALUES(50,'IT','Dallas');

INSERT INTO Emp(empid,

lname,fname,positionid,
supervisorid,hiredate,
salary,deptid,qualid)
VALUES(227,'howser','Barbara',4,111,'25-AUG-83',45000,10,3);

UPDATE dept SET deptname='Sales' WHERE deptID=50;

DELETE FROM dept

WHERE deptid='50';
Data Retrieval:

SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {table|view}

FROM {table | view}
[WHERE condition ]
[GROUP BY expr [, expr]]
[ORDER BY {expr} [ASC | DESC]]

select * from dept;

select deptname from dept where deptid='10';
select lname,fname from emp order by lname desc;
select max(salary) from emp group by positionid;
select deptname from dept,emp where
dept.deptid=emp.deptid and emp.empid='111';
Transaction Control:

COMMIT

ROLLBACK [ to {savepoint}]

SAVEPOINT {name}

commit;

savepoint point1;

rollback to point1;
Data Control Language:

GRANT [privileges]
ON object TO user|public
[WITH GRANT OPTION]

REVOKE [privileges]
ON object TO user|public
[CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]

grant select,update on emp to XYZ ;

revoke update on emp to XYZ;

A PL/SQL Example:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE raise_salary (empno INTEGER,
increase REAL) IS
current_salary REAL;
salary_missing EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
SELECT salary INTO current_salary FROM emp WHERE emp.empid =
empno;
IF current_salary IS NULL THEN
RAISE salary_missing;
ELSE
UPDATE emp SET salary = salary + increase WHERE emp.empid
= empno;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN salary_missing THEN
UPDATE emp SET salary=0 where emp.empid=empno;
END raise_salary;