Anatomical Terminology

& Systems Introduction

Human Body Block, Unit I
August 13th 2018

Danielle Royer, PhD

Associate Professor
Cell & Developmental Biology

danielle.royer@ucdenver.edu
Bldg. 500, Rm. N5209C
@AnatomyRoyer

Conflict of Interest Disclosure: I have no financial ties to report

© do not distribute without permission of Dr. Royer
 Goals
• Establish a common language

• Explain some key, foundational concepts

– Revisit and apply these concepts
throughout regional anatomy in HBB
– Important to be familiar early on

• Read Intro Ch.1, Essential Clinical Anatomy

• Learning objectives on last slide & Canvas
The Anatomical Position

http://www.shapesense.com/fitness-exercise/muscle-anatomy/
 Terms of Orientation
Define & demonstrate the following basic terms relative to the anatomical position:
Median
Medial vs Lateral
Proximal vs Distal
Superior vs Inferior
Deep (internal) vs Superficial (external)
Palmar vs Plantar
Anterior (ventral) vs Posterior (dorsal)
Cranial) vs Caudal
Ipsilateral vs contralateral
 Anatomical Planes

Describe the following basic anatomical planes:

Sagittal
Coronal
Axial (transverse)
Horizontal
Musculoskeletal System
 Musculoskeletal System
Define axial vs appendicular skeleton
Define epiphysis vs diaphysis, epiphyseal line, medullary cavity
Bony Anatomy
 Joints
At a gross morphological and functional level, compare the classes of joints:
synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous.

Plenty of Movement Plenty of Stability

Synovial Cartilaginous Fibrous

United by joint capsule United by cartilage United by dense fibers
- Limbs - Symphysis (fibrocartilage) - Cranial sutures
 pubic symphysis
- Synchondrosis (hyaline)
 growth plate
 Synovial Joints
Explain the general composition and nerve supply of a synovial joint.
 Synovial Joints
Compare the movements permitted at major types of synovial joints:
plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball & socket, pivot
 Muscle Types

SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH

Gross, named muscles; Walls of hollow organs

Location Heart
attached to skeleton + blood vessels
Intermittent contraction Weak, slow, rhythmic
above baseline tone; or sustained tonic
Strong, quick continuous
Activity produces movement via contraction; propels
rhythmic contraction
shortening or controlled substances or restricts
relaxation flow
Voluntary (reflexive) Involuntary Involuntary
Stimulation
= somatic motor = visceral motor = visceral motor
 Muscle Contractions
1. Reflexive 3. Phasic
• Automatic Fixator
• E.g., myotatic deep
tendon reflex, diaphragm
mvt in breathing, somatic
reflex arc

2. Tonic
• Constant minor Prime Mover
(agonist)
contraction of relaxed
Synergist
muscle
• Assists with joint stability,
posture, readies muscle
for action
• Absent when unconscious
or with nerve lesion Antagonist
 Terms of Movement
Define and demonstrate the basic terms used to describe movement:
Flexion vs Extension vs Lateral Flexion (bending)
Pronation vs Supination
Abduction (radial deviation) vs Adduction (ulnar deviation)
Medial (internal) vs Lateral (external) Rotation
Inversion vs Eversion
Plantarflexion vs Dorsiflexion
Protraction vs Retraction
Circumduction
 Deduce,
Don’t
Memorize!
Integumentary System
• Keratinized epithelium
• Tough superficial layer
• Pigmented, regenerative
deep layer
• Avascular
• Few sensory nerve endings

• Collagen + elastic fibers

• Dense
• Richly vascularized
• Rich in sensory nerve endings
• Specialized structures:
• Hair follicles
• Arrector pili m.
• = Superficial Fascia • Oil glands
• Loose connective tissue • Sensory receptors
• Fat stores (variable)
• Sweat glands
• Superficial blood + lymph
vessels, cutaneous nerves
Subcutaneous Tissue & Skin Ligaments

Retinacula Cutis (Skin Ligs):

Attach deep surface of dermis to underlying deep fascia, pass through subcutaneous layer
Fascia & Fascial Compartments

= with fat
= free of fat
Fascias

http://tastingspoons.com

www.gla.ac.uk/t4/~fbls/files/fab/glossary/fascia.html
Neurovascular Supply of Muscles

Anterior arm
 To be continued …

Circulatory Nervous
System System

prepare by reading ECA p.21 – 39

 Learning Objectives
ECA p. 1 – 20
1. Define and demonstrate the following basic terms relative to the anatomical position: medial,
median, lateral, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, deep, superficial, palmar, plantar, anterior /
ventral, posterior / dorsal, cephalic / cranial, rostral / caudal, ipsilateral / contralateral.
2. Describe the following basic anatomical planes: axial / transverse / horizontal, sagittal and
coronal.
3. Define axial vs appendicular skeleton, epiphysis vs diaphysis, epiphyseal line, medullary cavity.
4. At a gross morphological and functional level, compare the classes of joints: synovial, fibrous,
cartilaginous.
5. Explain the general composition and nerve supply of a synovial joint, and compare the
movements permitted at major types of synovial joints: plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball &
socket, pivot.
6. Review the bone and bony feature identification list.
7. Compare the location, composition, type of activity, and general pattern of nerve supply for
each muscle type: skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
8. Compare the types of muscle contractions: reflexive, tonic, isometric, concentric, eccentric.
9. Define and demonstrate the basic terms used to describe movement: flexion, extension, lateral
flexion, pronation, supination, abduction, adduction (radial / ulnar / deviation), medial /
internal and lateral / external rotation, inversion, eversion, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion,
protraction, retraction and circumduction.
10. At a gross morphological level, describe the composition and relative position of the epidermis,
dermis, subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia, deep and investing fascia. Define intermuscular
septum and fascial compartment.