TRAINING SPSS 20

KONSENTRASI EPIDEMIOLOGI
PASCA SARJANA UNHAS
2013
PROFESSIONAL DYNAMIC

ABSTRACT SOPHISTICATED

CREATIVE MODERN
The Four Windows:
Data editor
Output viewer
Syntax editor
Script window
 SPSS Files and Extensions

• Portable file -- .por

• Data file -- .sav

• Output file -- .spo

• Syntax file -- .sps

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The Four Windows: Data Editor
• Data Editor
Spreadsheet-like system for defining, entering, editing,
and displaying data. Extension of the saved file will be
“sav.”
The Four Windows: Output Viewer
• Output Viewer
Displays output and errors. Extension of the saved file will
be “spv.”
The Four Windows: Syntax editor
• Syntax Editor
Text editor for syntax composition. Extension of the
saved file will be “sps.”
The Four Windows: Script Window
• Script Window
Provides the opportunity to write full-blown programs,
in a BASIC-like language. Text editor for syntax
composition. Extension of the saved file will be “sbs.”
Data View

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Variable View

Variable Names
Variable Labels

Value Labels
MissingValues

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The basics of managing
data files
 Opening SPSS
• Start → All Programs → SPSS Inc→ SPSS 20 →
SPSS 20
 Opening SPSS
• The default window will have the data editor
• There are two sheets in the window:
1. Data view 2. Variable view
Data View window
• The Data View window
This sheet is visible when you first open the Data Editor
and this sheet contains the data
• Click on the tab labeled Variable View

Click
 Variable View window
• This sheet contains information about the data set that is stored
with the dataset
• Name
– The first character of the variable name must be alphabetic
– Variable names must be unique, and have to be less than 64
characters.
– Spaces are NOT allowed.
Variable View window: Type
• Type
– Click on the ‘type’ box. The two basic types of variables
that you will use are numeric and string. This column
enables you to specify the type of variable.
 Variable View window: Width
• Width
– Width allows you to determine the number of
characters SPSS will allow to be entered for the
variable
Variable View window: Decimals
• Decimals
– Number of decimals
– It has to be less than or equal to 16

3.14159265
 Variable View window: Label
• Label
– You can specify the details of the variable
– You can write characters with spaces up to 256
characters
Variable View window: Values
• Values
– This is used and to suggest which
numbers represent which categories when
the variable represents a category
Defining the value labels
• Click the cell in the values column as shown below
• For the value, and the label, you can put up to 60
characters.
• After defining the values click add and then click OK.

Click
Practice 1
• How would you put the following information into
SPSS?
Name Gender Height
JAUNITA 2 5.4
SALLY 2 5.3
DONNA 2 5.6
SABRINA 2 5.7
JOHN 1 5.7
MARK 1 6
ERIC 1 6.4
BRUCE 1 5.9

Value = 1 represents Male and Value = 2 represents Female

Practice 1 (Solution Sample)

Click
Click
Saving the data
• To save the data file you created simply click ‘file’ and
click ‘save as.’ You can save the file in different forms
by clicking “Save as type.”

Click
Transforming data
• Click ‘Transform’ and then click ‘Compute Variable…’
 Transforming data (cont’d)
• Example: Adding a new variable named ‘lnheight’ which is
the natural log of height
– Type in lnheight in the ‘Target Variable’ box. Then type in
‘ln(height)’ in the ‘Numeric Expression’ box. Click OK

Click
 Transforming data (cont’d)

• A new variable ‘lnheight’ is added to the table

 Practice 3
• Create a new variable named “sqrtheight”
which is the square root of height.
• Answer
Transforming Data

• We can transform variables by recoding, i.e.,

combining categories in an existing variable
into fewer categories.

• We can also transform variables by creating

new variables out of existing variables.

• We can select particular cases and analyze

only these cases.

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 Recoding into Different
Variables
• Click on Transform > Recode > Into different variables.

• Select the variable you want to recode. age

 Start by giving the new

variable a new name (age1)
 Click on Change
 Click on Old and New
Values
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 Recoding age into AGE1
• Use “Range” (fourth option down) to recode as follows.
Remember to click on “Add” after entering each recode.
– 18 to 29 = 1
– 30 to 49 = 2
– 50 to 69 = 3
– 70 to 89 = 4

• Click Continue
And then OK.
Assign Value Labels to the
Four Categories of AGE1

• Select the Variable View tab.

• Scroll down the variables to age1 (at the bottom of the
list).
• In the Values column of age1 click on the small gray
box.
• Enter the first value followed by its label. Click Add.

18 to 29 = 1
30 to 49 = 2
50 to 69 = 3
• Enter remaining 3 values.70 to 89 = 4
 Exercises for Recoding
• Now recode income06 and call the new variable
income2
• This time use 8 categories: under $10K,
$10K to under $20K, $20K to under $30K,
$30K to under $40K, $40K to under $50K,
$50K to under $60K, $60K to under $75K,
and $75K and over
• Add the value labels
• Run a frequency distribution for income2 and check
to make sure that you recoded it correctly by
comparing the unrecoded and recoded frequency
distributions
Creating a New Variable
with Compute
• Let’s create a new variable and call it
timewaste which is the percentage of
relaxation time (hrsrelax) devoted to watching
TV (tvhours)
• Click on Transform > Compute

• Enter the new variable name (timewaste) into

the Target Variable box.
• Enter the formula for
this new variable
(100*tvhours/hrsrelax)
into the Numeric
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Expression box. www.ssric.org
Caution!

• If, for any case, any of the variables used to

create a new variable has a missing value, the
new variable will automatically be assigned a
missing value as well.

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 Exercise for Compute
• The data file includes indexes of socio-economic
status for respondents (sei), their mothers (masei) and
their fathers (pasei).

• Create an index of mobility by subtracting sei from an

average of masei and pasei.

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Using Select Cases to Select Specific
Cases for Analysis
• Let’s select only Protestants for further
analysis.
• Click on Data > Select Cases.

• Click on “If condition is satisfied” and then

on the “If” button below it.
 Using Select Cases to Select Specific
Cases for Analysis
• Select the variable relig ( R’s RELIGEOUS PREFERENCE) and move
it into the box
on the right.
• In this box, enter the
expression relig = 1.
• Click on Continue
and on OK.

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 Using Select Cases to Select Specific
Cases for Analysis
• Note all cases not accepted
are crossed out on the left.

• Again click on
Data > Select Cases.

• Click on “all” and then

OK.

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 Important Note on Using
Select Cases

• When you are finished using Select Cases and

want to revert to using all the cases be sure to
click on Data > Select Cases and select All
cases. Then click on OK

• If you don’t do this, you will continue to use

only those cases you last selected

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Exercises for Select Cases

• Select all males (1 on the variable sex) and do

a frequency distribution for the variable
partyid (political party identification)
• Now select all females (2 on the variable sex)
and run a frequency distribution for partyid
• Is there a “gender gap” in party identification.
How large is it?
• Note: same thing could have been done with
Crosstabs
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Univariate Analysis

• Now that we know how to open existing files

and transform variables, we’re ready to begin
analyzing data
• Univariate analysis refers to analyzing
variables one-at-a-time

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Types of Univariate
Analysis Procedures

• Frequencies

• Descriptives

• Explore

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 Frequencies

• Go to:
Analyze > Descriptive Statistics
> Frequencies
• Select age1 and age
• Notice Statistics and Charts
buttons at upper right and
Display frequencies tables
check-box at lower left

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 Frequencies: Statistics

• Click on Statistics
• Select the statistics you
want
• Click on Continue

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 Frequencies: Charts

• Click on Charts
• Select Histograms and
check With normal curve
• Click on Continue
• Click on OK

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Frequencies: Output - Tables

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Frequencies: Output - Statistics

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Frequencies: Output - Charts

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Exercises for Frequencies

• Run frequency distributions for hrsrelax and

tvhours with appropriate statistics and charts

• Run frequency distributions for cappun, grass,

and gunlaw with appropriate statistics and
charts

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 Descriptives
• Click on
Analyze > Descriptive Statistics
> Descriptives

• Select age and educ

• Click on Options and
select the statistics you
want and then click on
Continue and OK

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Descriptives
(continued)

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

age AGE OF RESPONDENT 4496 18 89 45.34 16.546

educ HIGHEST YEAR OF

4502 0 20 13.25 3.213
SCHOOL COMPLETED

Valid N (listwise) 4486

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Exercise for Descriptives

• Use Descriptives to compute the following

statistics for hrs1 (hours worked per week)
– Mean
– Standard deviation
– Variance
– Skewness
– Kurtosis

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 More Exercises for Descriptives

• Use Descriptives to compute the mean for educ,

maeduc, and paeduc

• Who has the most education – respondents or

their parents?

• Who has the most education – mothers or

fathers?

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 Explore
• Click on
Analyze > Descriptive Statistics
> Explore

• Select hrs1 and put it in

the Dependent List

• In the Display box on

the lower left, click on
Both

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 Explore (continued)

• Click on Statistics
• Select the statistics you
want
• Click on Continue

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 Explore (continued)

• Click on Plots
• Select the plots you
want
• Click on Continue
• Click on OK
 Explore (continued)

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

hrs1 NUMBER OF HOURS Mean 42.13 .272

WORKED LAST WEEK
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 41.59
Mean
Upper Bound 42.66

5% Trimmed Mean 41.90

Median 40.00

Variance 208.271

Std. Deviation 14.432

Minimum 1

Maximum 89

Range 88

Interquartile Range 12

Skewness .272 .046

Kurtosis 1.243 .092

 Explore (continued)

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

hrs1 NUMBER OF HOURS Mean 42.13 .272

WORKED LAST WEEK
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 41.59
Mean
Upper Bound 42.66

5% Trimmed Mean 41.90

Median 40.00

Variance 208.271

Std. Deviation 14.432

Minimum 1

Maximum 89

Range 88

Interquartile Range 12

Skewness .272 .046

Kurtosis 1.243 .092

 Graphs: Bar Charts
• Click on Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Bar

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 Graphs: Bar Charts
(continued)

 Click on “Simple”
 Click on “Define”

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 Graphs: Bar Charts
(continued)
 Click on “% of cases”
 Drag or move
marital to
second box on right
 Click on “OK”

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 Graphs: Pie Charts
• Click on Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Pie

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 Graphs: Pie Charts
• Click on “Define”

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 Graphs: Pie Charts
• Click on
“% of cases”
• Drag or move
marital to
second box
on right
• Click on “OK”

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 Graphs: Box and Whiskers Plots
• Click on Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Boxplots

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 Graphs: Box and Whiskers Plots
(continued)
• Drag or move
tvhours to
first box on right
• Drag or move
degree to
second box on right
• Click on OK

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Graphs: Box and Whiskers Plots
(continued)

Extreme Values
(>3.0 X IQR)
Outliers
(1.5 – 3.0 IQR)

Box
Median
(IQR) Whiskers
(< 1.5 X IQR)

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 Graphs: Scatterplots
• Click on Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Scatterplot

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 Graphs: Scatterplots
(continued)

• Click on “Simple Scatter”

• Click on “Define”

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 Graphs: Scatterplots
(continued)

• Drag or move
maeduc to
first box on right
• Drag or move
paeduc to
second box on right
• Click on OK
• Double-click on chart
• Click on “Elements”
and “Fit Line at Total”
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 Graphs: Histograms
• Click on Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Histogram

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 Graphs: Histograms
(continued)
• Drag or move
realinc to
first box on right
• Check “Display
normal curve”
• Click on OK

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 10 MINUTE BREAK!

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The basic analysis
The basic analysis of SPSS that will
be introduced in this class
• Frequencies
– This analysis produces frequency tables showing
frequency counts and percentages of the values
of individual variables.

• Descriptives
– This analysis shows the maximum, minimum,
mean, and standard deviation of the variables

• Linear regression analysis

– Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of
the linear equation
Frequencies
• Click ‘Analyze,’ ‘Descriptive statistics,’ then
click ‘Frequencies’
Frequencies
• Click gender and put it into the variable box.
• Click ‘Charts.’
• Then click ‘Bar charts’ and click ‘Continue.’

Click Click
Frequencies
• Finally Click OK in the Frequencies box.

Click
Questions?