Gastrulation

Gastrulation - The point in embryogenesis where the

basic organization of the organism is established.

A. Establishment of the three basic germ

layers
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
B. Groups of cells that will give rise to
specific organ systems and tissues
are moved into the right position both
externally and internally.
C. Groups of cells that will influence each
others differentiation are positioned so
they can have an effect on each other.
 QUESTIONS?

How are layers of tissue established?

How do cells get to their proper positions for development?

In part, this is accomplished by

various types of Morphogenetic
Movements.
Morphogenetic Movements

Epiboly
Morphogenetic Movements
Invagination, Evagination
Morphogenetic Movements

Involution
Epiboly over a fold

Involution
Morphogenetic Movements

Delamination
Morphogenetic Movements
Ingression
Morphogenetic Movements

Cell Migration

Cell Migration
 Morphogenetic
Movements

“Intercalation: rows of cells move between one another,

creating an array of cells that is longer (in one or more
dimensions) but thinner.”
“Convergent Extension: rows of cells intercalate, but the
intercalation is highly directional.” - involved in formation of
the primitive streak in avian and mammalian embryos.

http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap14/Chapter_14.html
Morphogenetic Movements

Differential Growth
.. ..
.. ..

time

.... .. .. .. ..
... .. .. .. ..
 Starfish/Sea urchin gastrulation

ingression - primary and secondary mesenchyme

http://www.gastrulation.org/ invagination - initial formation of the archenteron
http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/gastrulation1.html convergent extension - lengthening of the archenteron

http://www.luc.edu/depts/biology/dev/urchgast.htm
http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap14/Chapter_14.html
 Amphibian Gastrulation
(Urodeles, e.g. salamanders)

Urodele blastula
 Urodele

18 - 20 hr
 Urodele

18 - 20 hr
 Urodele

18 - 20 hr
28 hr
38 hr
http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol07/gastmovs.html
15 hr of time lapse, 48 min/sec http://www.gastrulation.org/
 Shell Shell membrane

Thin albumin

Blastodisk

Yolk

Chalazae

Air pocket

http://www.zoomwhales.com/subjects/birds/label/chickenegg/
 The morphogenetic movement
that results in elongation of the
primitive streak is convergent
extension.

z
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation
Formation of the primitive streak

Morphogenetic movement involved in

the formation of the primitive streak is
convergent extension.
 PRIMITIVE STREAK

Actually, this is a human embryo. We have the

same type of gastrulation as a chicken embryo,
yet we do not have a large yolky egg.
Why might this be?

http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap14/Chapter_14A.html
Establishing the Endoderm

Extraembryonic endoderm
Primary Hypoblast
Secondary Hypoblast

Embryonic endoderm

Derived from cells that are

originally in the epiblast that
ingress through the primitive
streak region and then
migrate and insert into the
hypoblast layer.
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation - primary and secondary hypoblast
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation Fate map as gastrulation is beginning

Yolk Yolk

Yolk Yolk
Ingression during avian gastrulation
Two regions of ingression:
1. Hensen’s Node
2. Primitive groove
 Later,
Timing (waves) of ingression:
* Hensen’s node will contribute
Hensen’s node - initial waves
1st wave - foregut endoderm (mostly as primitive to somites as well

streak forms)
2nd wave - head mesoderm *Some cells from Hensen’s
3rd wave - chordamesoderm node will remain in the
epiblast and contribute to
neural plate
 Ingression during avian gastrulation
rimitive groove
st wave - rest of embryonic endoderm (mostly as primitive streak forms)
nd wave - mesoderm
(embryonic & extraembryonic)
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation
groove
Embryonic
ectoderm

embryonic endoderm
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation - embryonic endoderm
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation
Establishment of the primary germ layers
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation

See animation on digital lab

manual
Chicken (Avian) Gastrulation