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Topics
Introduction PAN
Classification Poly amides
Physical Properties Polyethylene
Types of Polymerization Polypropylene
Copolymers Resins(Phenol-Formaldehyde)
Vulcanization Polymethylmethacrylate
PVC
Polyurethane
POLYMERS
Contents:
Types of polymers
Physical properties
Types of polymerisation
Some important polymers
Terminology
1. Polymer:
A long molecule made
up from lots of small
molecules called
monomers.
A + A + A + A -A-A-A-A-
Homopolymer: --M—M—M—M—M—M—
Copolymer : --M—N—M—N—M--N—M--
Linear homopolymer: --M—M—M—M—M—M—
Linear copolymer: --M—N—M—N—M--N—M—
b)Copolymer
c) Block copolymer
d) Graft copolymer
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The number of repeating units
in chain formed in a polymer is
known as the "degree of
polymerization(DP)
Degree of polymerisation: The number of
repeating units in a polymer molecule.
5,000 – 2,00,000 malecular mass range.
Tacticity
The configuration of monomeric units in a
polymer molecule
Isomerism/Polymer Tacticity
Isotactic
Sindiotactic
Random
Functionality
b) Condensation polymers
nylon-6,bakelite, polyester
On the basis of polymer growth:
a) Step growth polymers are formed by the Successive
addition of monomer units to the growing chain carrying a
reactive intermediate.
PE,PP,PS,PVC
b) By Series of independent reactions involving bond
formation btw 2 monomer units with the loss of small
molecules like H2O,HCl, NH3
On the basis of molecular forces:
a) Thermoplastic polymers:
Linear long chain polymers which can be
softened on heating and hardened on cooling
Hardness is temporary property
Can be prosessed again and again
PE, PP, PVC, PS, Teflon, Nylon
b) Thermosetting polymers:
Permanent setting polymers
Three dimensional cross linked structure with
strong covalent bonds
Cannot be reprocessed
Polyester,bakelite,epoxy resins,urea formaldehyde
resin
Elastomers: (or synthetic rubber)
Any rubber like structure which can be stretched at
least thrice its length
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Condensation Polymerisation
There should be atleast two different bi-or
poly functional monomers having
functional groups with affinity for each
other.
Generally a by-product is formed.
When monomer contain three functional
groups, it may give rise to a cross-linked
structure polymer.
1st group 2nd group Product Example
Advantages Disadvantages
* Product sometimes * Contamination with solvent
directly usable
* Controlled heat release * Chain transfer to solvent
* Recycling solvent
Applications
Acrylic coating, fibrespinning, film casting
Suspension polymerization
Liquid or dissolved monomer suspended in liquid phase.
Suspending agent- PVA, methyl cellulose.
Initiator
Particle size 10-500µm.
Emulsion polymerization
• Water
• Monomer
• Surfactant
Examples:
• Synthetic rubber-styrene-
butadiene (SBR), Polybutadiene,
Polychloroprene.
• Plastics-PVC, polystyrene,
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
terpolymer (ABS).
• Dispersions-polyvinyl acetate,
polyvinyl acetate copolymers,
latexacrylic paint, Styrene-butadiene,
VAE
Advantages Disadvantages
Surfactants and
High molecular
polymerization adjuvants -
weight polymers
difficult to remove
fast polymerization rates.
For dry (isolated) polymers,
allows removal of heat from water removal is an energy-
the system. intensive process
viscosity remains close to Designed to operate at high
that of water and is not conversion of monomer to
dependent on molecular polymer. This can result in
weight. significant chain transfer to
The final product can be used polymer.
as such ,does not need to be Can not be used for
altered or processed condensation, ionic or
Ziegler-Natta polymerization.
Polyethylene ((-CH2-CH2-)n
Prepared by the process of addition polymerization of
ethylene.
Two Types:
• Low density polyethylene (LDPE)
Prepared by heating very pure ethylene at 190-2100C
under a pressure of about 1500 atmospheres in the
presence of traces of oxygens.
Polymer produced consists of highly branced chain
molecules.
Density of polymer is low.
Chemically inert, tough but flexible.
High-density polythene (HDPE)
Prepared by heating ethylene in a hydrocarbon solvent
at 60-700C under a pressure 6-7 atmosphere in the
presence of catalyst such as triethylaluminium and
titanium tetrachloride.
Polymer produced is linear and density is high.
Chemically inert but more tougher and harder.
Used in making buckets, container, dustbin, bottles,
pipes etc.
USES
In producing moulded parts and fibers
Its fibers are used in making ropes(extremely strong
by weight)
Carpets
Furniture upholstery,Blankets,Hand bags, etc
Water pipes
Washing machine parts
Sterilizable hospital equipment
Poly propylene( )
Prepared by passing polypropylene through n-hexane
containing triethyl aluminium at 1000C under 10 atm.
Pressure.
Stereo regular ( iso tactic)
Highly crystalline polymer (M.P 160-170 c)
Better hardness
Strength
Stiff than PE
More resistant than PE
USES
In producing moulded parts and fibers
Its fibers are used in making ropes(extremely strong
by weight)
Carpets
Furniture upholstery,Blankets,Hand bags, etc
Water pipes
Washing machine parts
Sterilizable hospital equipment
Polyurethane:
Addition polymer containing urethane linkage
[-NH-(C=O)-O-]
Properties
Because of their saturated character, they
are highly resistant to oxidation.
Low melting point and high degree of
flexibility.
Resistant to water, oil and corrosive
chemical.
USES
Used in tyre retreading.
In light weight water repellent garments like swim
suits.
Used in floor coating of gymnasium, dance floors
etc.
Making car and furniture cushions and are good
leather substitute.