Mechatronics

By
H.D. Nelaka Shayamal Priyankara
B Tech Eng (Hons), AMIE(SL)
 Actuators

• Pneumatic
• Hydraulic
• Electrical
 Pneumatic
• What is pneumatics?
pneumatics is a means whereby signals and energy are
transmitted, controlled and distributed using pressurized air
as the medium. Pneumatics can be effectively combined with
other technologies through the use of sensors, transducers
and microprocessors.
• What is special about a pneumatic system?
-Pneumatic fluids are considered gases and are compressible
-Pneumatic systems are not complete circuits. Air is used to
do work and is then dumped into the atmosphere
-Pneumatic work is done by the creation of pressure (psi) on
an area
 What are the main parts of a
pneumatics systems?
-cylinder
-release / port valve
-flow regulator
-piston
-compressor
Pneumatic Components

Regulator

3/2
Solenoid
Valve

Single Acting Pull Type

Cylinder and Speed Valve
Pneumatic Component
Symbols

Regulator 3/2
Solenoid
Valve

Single Acting Pull Type

Cylinder and Speed Valve
The Symbols Can Be Arranged to
Illustrate Complete Circuits
Double Acting
Cylinder
HP Gage

HPA
Storage
Bottle

4/2 Valve
Regulato
r
LP Gage
 Valve Body 5/2 Solenoid
Note:Valve
The center
port with the brass
One Touch Fitting
is the supply or
pressure port.
Solenoi
d A B

5/2 Solenoid Valve

Symbol
EA P EB
 5/3 Solenoid Valve
Used on Double Acting Cylinders
The Solenoid Operates Like a Linear Pneumatic Motor

1.) Wire coil (red) is energized 3.) The valve spool (green) moves
with the iron armature
Solenoid B A

Valve
EB P EA Spool
2.) The electromagnetic field, draws the Springs return
iron armature (blue) into the solenoid valve spool to rest
position
 5/2 Solenoid Valve
Used on Double Acting Cylinders
The 2 Dark Blocks Represent
the Two Possible Valve
Positions
B Pressurized : A Exhausted (rest)
A Pressurized : B Exhausted (energized)

A B

Solenoid Solenoid
Energize At Rest
d Position
Position
EA P EB

5 Ports, 2
Positions
 5/2 Solenoid Valve
Used on Double Acting Cylinders

Actuator Symbol with

Return Spring Symbol
a Diagonal Line
Indicates the At Rest
Indicates Solenoid
Position
Operation
A B

EA P EB

5 Ports, 2
Positions
 5/2 Solenoid Valve
Used on Double Acting Cylinders

The Arrow Symbols Letters A and B Indicate

Indicate the Direction the Output Port
of Gas Flow Through Connections for the
the Valve Pneumatic Actuators
A B(Cylinders)

EA and EB
are Exhaust
Ports. P is the
Gas Supply EA P EB

Port
5 Ports, 2
Positions
Can You Explain the operation

Double Acting
Cylinder
HP Gage

HPA
Storage
Bottle

4/2 Valve
Regulato
r
LP Gage
 A B

5/2 Valve
5 Ports 2
EA P EB Positions
Can You Explain the
Difference? B A

5/3 Valve
5 Ports 3 Positions
EB P EA
 Pictorial Drawing of a 5/3 Valve and
Double Acting Cylinder

Note: At Rest, Ports A B A

and B are Exhausted P
is Closed

EB P EA
Mini Pneumatic
Pressurized Storage Bottle
Circuits
Regulator

3/2
Valves

Pneumatic Cylinders with

Speed Valves
 Hydraulics
• Tool or equipment powered by the
movement of fluid under pressure.
Examples are brakes, jacks & tractor lifts
PSI
Pounds per Square Inch determines amount of force

GPM
Gallons per Minute determines speed of action
 Basic
principle

Pressure applied to piston “A” is

transferred equally to a piston of the same
size “B” because PSI is the same
throughout the system.
If the surface area of piston “B” is 10 times
the surface area of piston “A”, then the force
applied to piston “A” is multiplied 10 times as
the force exerted on piston “B”. PSI is equal
throughout the system.
 Pump
Functions in a hydraulic system by pressurizing and
moving fluid from one part of the system to another.
 Pump
Functions in a hydraulic system by pressurizing and
moving fluid from one part of the system to another.

Hydraulic pumps are usually one of four types:

PISTON
GEAR
VANE
INTERNAL ROTOR
 Hydraulic Motor
Receives power from moving fluid to transfer hydraulic
power to mechanical rotating force.

Cylinder
Piece of equipment that transfers hydraulic power
into mechanical movement in one or two directions
only.
Hydraulic Cylinder
 Single-acting cylinder
Refers to a hydraulic cylinder that works in one
direction only.
 Double-acting cylinder
Refers to a hydraulic cylinder that pushes and
pulls.
 Magnetic Force On A Current – Carrying
Conductor
• The magnetic force (F) the conductor
experiences is equal to the product of its
length (L) within the field, the current I in the
conductor, the external magnetic field B and
the sine of the angle between the conductor
and the magnetic field. In short
F= BIL (sin)
 The force on a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field :
• When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, there is an interaction between the
magnetic field produced by the current and the
permanent field, which leads to a force being
experienced by the conductor:
Fleming’s left-hand rule
 Motion of a current-carrying loop in a
magnetic field

F Rotation
I

N L R
S
brushes F
Commutator
(rotates with
coil)
 RELAY

The relay which is used as a switch has

moving contacts mechanically linked to the
armature which when a current is supplied
to the coil, the resulting magnetic field
attracts the armature and closes the circuit
and when the coil is switched off the
armature is returned by a force
approximately half as strong as magnetic
force to its relaxed position, braking the
circuit
 Pneumatic Hydraulic
energy source compressor or energy source compresor or
pump pump
fluid is almost incompressible fluid is almost compressible
need to be dried to avoid
water in the lines no need
available in a factory,
pneumatic system significantly
cheaper expensive
gases are elastic,so that
compressed air stores energy
which can be released in the
event of a major leak