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Liquid & gaseous fuels

occurrence/production
Storage & transportation
Liquid fuel
The liquid fuels can be classified as follows :
(a) Natural or crude oil, and
(b) Artificial or manufactured oils
Occurrence

• Carbide theory
• Engler theory
• Modern/organic theory
• Crude oil composition
1. chemical approach
 Hydrocarbons
 non- hydrocarbons
• Sulfur compounds
• Nitrogen compounds
• Oxygen compounds
• Metallic compounds
2. physical approach
1. Distillation
2. Density, specific gravity, and API (American Petroleum
Industry)
gravity
3. Viscosity
4. Vapor pressure
5. Flash and fire points
6. Cloud and pour points
7. Color
8. Sulfur content
9. Basic sediments and water (B.S.&W.)
10. Aniline point
11. Carbon residue
• Crude oil assay _____ lab data + pilot plant data
• PONA /PIANO analysis
Paraffins
O lefins
Naphthenes
Aromatic
Iso-paraffins
Classification of crude oil
• Paraffinic Base Type Crude Petroleum
Consist mainly of paraffin
Leave paraffin wax as distillation residue

• Naphthenic based Petroleum


On distillation leave a residue of bitumen or asphalt
Contain more sulfur than paraffin based oil

• Mixed based Petroleum


Contain substantial proportions of both parrafins and nathenes
Leave residue of wax and bitumen
Storage & transportation
The design of storage tanks for crude oil and petroleum products requires,
in general, careful consideration of the following important factors:
• The vapor pressure of the materials to be stored
• The storage temperature and pressure
• Toxicity of the petroleum material

Types of storage tank


• Fixed-roof tanks
• External floating roof tanks
• Internal floating roof tanks
• Domed external floating roof tanks
• Horizontal tanks
• Pressure tanks
• Variable vapor space tanks
• LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tank

liquid fuel transport via pipeline and storage tanks


Bullet tank( -n-butane/propane)
Spherical tank(-i-butane/aviation/jet fuel)
Floating roof tank( low flash point fuels-gasoline/naphtha etc)
fixed roof tank (high flash pont –diesel/kerosine/residual fuel)
Storage losses
• Working losses
 Filling
 Emptying

• Evaporation losses
 Breathing
 Standing
 Boiling
For preventation of evaporation losses install a
vapor recovery unit
Vapor recovery unit
Gaseous fuel
• Gaseous fuels occur in nature, besides being
manufactured from solid and liquid fuels.

• Wobbe index

High WI high heating value


Classification
• Fuel gases occuring in nature
• Fuel gases made from solid fuel
• Fuel gases made from petroleum
• Fuel gases made by fermentation of organic
waste
components of natural gas
• Methane
• Heavier hydrocarbon(C2-C4,after processing called as NGL)
• Acid gases( CO2/H2S)
• Other gases(N2/He)
• Water (in all state)
• Mercury

• Sour gas & sweet gas


Storage
• Transport via pipeline
• Stored in liquid form (by compression)
• Depleted reservoirs

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