Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
occurrence/production
Storage & transportation
Liquid fuel
The liquid fuels can be classified as follows :
(a) Natural or crude oil, and
(b) Artificial or manufactured oils
Occurrence
• Carbide theory
• Engler theory
• Modern/organic theory
• Crude oil composition
1. chemical approach
Hydrocarbons
non- hydrocarbons
• Sulfur compounds
• Nitrogen compounds
• Oxygen compounds
• Metallic compounds
2. physical approach
1. Distillation
2. Density, specific gravity, and API (American Petroleum
Industry)
gravity
3. Viscosity
4. Vapor pressure
5. Flash and fire points
6. Cloud and pour points
7. Color
8. Sulfur content
9. Basic sediments and water (B.S.&W.)
10. Aniline point
11. Carbon residue
• Crude oil assay _____ lab data + pilot plant data
• PONA /PIANO analysis
Paraffins
O lefins
Naphthenes
Aromatic
Iso-paraffins
Classification of crude oil
• Paraffinic Base Type Crude Petroleum
Consist mainly of paraffin
Leave paraffin wax as distillation residue
• Evaporation losses
Breathing
Standing
Boiling
For preventation of evaporation losses install a
vapor recovery unit
Vapor recovery unit
Gaseous fuel
• Gaseous fuels occur in nature, besides being
manufactured from solid and liquid fuels.
• Wobbe index