|
„

Experience shows that all sort of events

happen only one way in time. For example,

V Cream mixes with coffee, but once mixed it

doesn't unmix.

V Books fall from table to floor, but never jump up

from floor to table.

V A cup of hot water poured into a pan of cold

water will give warm water. You can´
can´t scoop of
hot water from this pan
V Ponce de Leon searched for his fountain of youth. Old
men are still dreaming of regaining theirs, specially
when they see young ladies, but«

V e Know that air consists of 21% O2 and 79% all

else. Have you ever read of these gases separating so
that students in a classrom become high on enriched
air while the professor gags, and gasps, and dies an
agonizing dead from lack of oxygen? Estuden may
wish it, but it will no happen. Gases will mix, but will
not unmix, of themselves.
 vhere are similar observations in other fields.
For example,

V In trucking: Have you ever seen a truck with two

trailers try to back down a road?

V In textbook writing: Have you ever seen a second

edition of a thermo text that is les wordy than the a
first edition?
General:
Every system left to itself (isolated) changes rapidly or
slowly and eventually comes to a state of rest (equilibrium);
in other words, in an isolated system things always move in
one direction.

Grand father
Clock
eight at
bottom
In terms of heat flow:
It is not possible to devise a process whose sole result is to
transfer heat from a low temperature object to a high
temperature object: in other words, heat will not flow of its
own accord ³uphill.

not
posible
19ºC 21ºC 10ºC 31ºC
In terms of heat and work:
]o apparatus can operate so that its only effect is
to convert heat completely into work without also
causing a change in state of some other body.
body.

not
possible
26 ºC 25 ºC

At rest
:uantitative measurements:
Systems left to themselves move from:
V a more ordered to a more disordered state

V a state of lower probability to one of higher probability

V a more recognizable to a less recognizable state

V a state with much information to one of less information

vhis class of definitions gives us a quantitative measure

of direction in time-
time-just calculate de amount of order, the
probability, the amount of information. vhese definitions
are useful, in various field-
field-information theory, statistical
mechanics, statistical quantum thermodynamics,
whatever that means«.
Shuffle Ordered deck A, 2,3,4,5
deck

One more
shuffle

Is this likely?
 wait
room
which contains
air

oxygen nitrogen
here here

Is this likely?

Oxygen moves left, ]itrogen moves right?

vhe Clausius Statement
vH

A device that operates in a :

cycle and has no effect on
the surroundings other
than the transfer of heat
from lower-
lower-temperature
body to a body at higher :
temperature is impossible
to construct
v

Impossible!
vhe Kelvin-
Kelvin-Planck Statement

A device that operates

in a cycle and has no vH
effect on the
surroundings other
¢
than the conversion of
heat to an equivalent R
amount of net positive Y

work is impossible to
construct Impossible!
esto si es posible....

v
R
¢

R


R


v

vhe Clau
Clausius statement does not mean that a cyclic device
that will result in the transfer of heat from a low temperature
to a higher temperature is impossible to construct!!

In fact a common household refrigerator performs performs

precisely this task!

A second law violation would occur, however, if the

refrigerator could perform its task without being powered by
an external source

Such refrigerator would be called a

³perpetual motion machine of the 2º kind
 W from external source to refrigerator compressor

QL QH
efrigerated itc en
efrigerator
space at vL at v

System boundary
Definition of heat engine

Y

¢
Body at
Energy source 
at vH vL < vH

Ò
 
 

Schematic of a heat engine

 

¢

Cool space  Enviroment
at vL i at vH > vL

Ò
 
 

 

arm space
¢
 
Enviroment
at vH i at vL < vH
 R

R
¢ R
R


Y

R
¢
R


efrigerador/ Bomba de calor

Bomba de calor
calentando una casa