m
 m
 m
m
 Õ
V First Half of 20th century = eventful period
V Marked by many conflicts.
V Fierce race for empire building, aggressive
nationalism, and militarism
V Two global wars ² many disastrous
consequences
V Dictatorial rule
V Nazism and Fascism
V Thus, first half of 20th century««..
V Many fundamental changes in the world
V Map got thoroughly revised
V Millions of people lost lives due to armed
conflicts

V Triumph of democracy over dictatorship

V Internationalism
V Tremendous scientific and technological
progress
   
 
  !

°
°



 
 

 
 
 

°
°

 History of Modern World
 FIRST WORLD WAR ² began 1914
 This war ² brought about far reaching in the
world politics
 Seeds of the war - sown by the economic &
political conditions of the 19th century Europe
 Extreme ambitions, mutual ambitions, enmity
and conflicts
 European atmosphere ² explosive
 ð
 
 
 
         

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    "     

 19th century Europe ² fast growth of Industries
 England ² birth place of Industrial revolution
 After England, industries and factories ² grew in France
and Germany
 Use of machines ² Increase in production
 Necessary ²
 Industrial Nations of Europe ² search for markets
outside their own countries
 European merchants ² trading with different countries
in Asia since 16th century
 Along with Asia turned towards industrially
undeveloped African Continent
 Ensure that Local rulers ² do not obstruct the
profitable trade
 European Powers ² forcibly acquired some
territories in Asia and Africa
 Many independent countries became dependencies
of European powers
 These ² assured markets for European goods and
sources of raw material for European Industries
 Valued possession of European Nations
 European Imperialism - º

 19th Century ² RACE among the European Nations
 Acquire rich territories in Asia and Africa
 England and France at the forefront
 Germany, however entered the competition rather
late
 In Asia and Africa ² England and France acquired
strategic and rich territories
 Therefore envied by other European nations
 Race to acquire colonies in Asia and Africa

 ² enmity among the European nations

 ²    

 Other factor that contributed to the outbreak of

World War ² I
 Great Powers in Europe ² Expansionist under the
guise of Nationalism
 ã



  






 
 Thus, European Powers constantly tried to acquire
new territories.
 m
m Germany annexed the provinces of Alsace
and Lorraine (belonged to FRANCE)
 Russia & Austria ² trying to acquire territories
in Eastern EUROPE
 Desire to increase the glory of the Nation
 European Nationalism =
ºº




ã
  
 Situation in Europe - 


 Aggressive Nationalism ² gave rise to Militarism
 Belief ² only militarily powerful nations occupy
important place in world politics
 
  

 European Nations ² started increasing their military
prowess
 Outwit each other in the race for expansion.
 Prussia ² already established importance of militarism
by defeating AUSTRIA and then FRANCE
 Protection of Trade and colonies ² naval power
necessary
 European Nations ² entered into a race to increase
their military and naval strength
 Science ² harnessed ² to increase military strength
 New destructive weapons ² invented and produced
 Determination of European Nations ² Out master
each other
 Arms race very intense
 Situation in Europe -
ã


 Politics of Groupism ² Europe ²
second half of the 19th century
 Strained relations between
European Nations
  
 ² Chancellor of
Prussia
 Initiated this factionalism
 Desire ² unite all the German
states of central Europe under
the leadership of Prussia
 Not Possible unless Prussia·s
neighbours - defeated
 Desire ² unite all the
German states of
central Europe under
the leadership of
Prussia
 Not Possible unless
Prussia·s neighbours
 
 
 





 Bismark achieved ² goal of unification of

Germany
 Defeated first

² m 
 Defeated then 

² m

 Captured




! m
m
 Bismark isolated France
 Offering his friendship to weak


 m
signed a secret military alliance with



 Assured Austria, German help against Russia in

Austria·s bid to acquire East European territories
 m  
" Îoined Germany & Austria against
France.
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 Secret alliance
 Natural that it will lead to fear and suspicion
among European powers
 Inevitable that France and Russia should come
closer
 

 

 m signed a secret alliance of


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 Bismark
 Did not follow a policy of aggressive
colonialism
 Avoid the opposition of the colonial powers to
Germany in European Politics
 m
 

 
 became the Emperor of
º

"
 

 

 Did not approve of
Bismarck¶s Cautious Policy

  
 Increase foreign trade of
Germany
 Acquire new colonies
 Build a powerful navy
 Secure for GERMANY
 A place of importance not in
Europe but in World politics






 Started expressing these
obÎectives publicly
 Acquired some territories
in Central Africa and China
 Enlarged his army and
substantially increased
German Naval powers
 New naval bases were
established
 Construction of Kiel Canal
was undertaken
 Canal ² enable German
Warships to enter the
North Sea
 England & France ² unhappy with Germany·s
entry into the colonial world
 England ² Increasing German Navy
= Challenge to her empire
 (# ()&(# planned by
º

"
 Threat to England·s influence in


 England ² make her position in Asia  º

V 1902: Alliance of England and Japan
V 1904: Alliance of England and France
V France threatened by German Expansion
V Resolved outstanding disputes between France
and England
V Agreement ² resolved long standing animosity
V m

     
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V Eastern European Territory ² Part of the Turkish
Empire
V Called as 


V People in the Balkans had started national
movements against Turkish rule
V Great powers of Europe ² supported Movements
V Opportunities to interfere in the politics of Eastern
Europe
V

: Strategic Important of Balkans
V Control over this region X Influence over
Mediterranean Sea
V 


V Important to nations ²
º
 


V 
too wanted BALKANS
V 
 ²maÎority of people in the Balkans
belonged to the 



  

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V m ! A revolution broke out in  
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V  
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² declared independence
V 

² had already achieved independence
V AUSTRIA ² annexed two Balkan provinces =


-
º


V 

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= also coveted by



V Led to Increased enmity between 






V

 
  
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V 
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V Discontent in the Balkans continued
V   .
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V 

.

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V Crown PRINCE of Austria

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V By a 

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V

² sick of 


V Decided to take the advantage of the situation

V Crush 


V GERMANY promised to support

V

! in favour of a 


V Utterances of Serbian Officials were )#

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V

 gave an ultimatum to 


V 
 promised to help 


V 

 refused to accept the demands of



V 
² starts general mobilization on  ."
mm
V   ."mm
V

! declared WAR on 


V 

also welcomed the WAR
V º

"
º
  localise the 

V º

"sent an ultimatum to 

V Demand ² demobilization within 12 hours
V 
 refused to accept ultimatum
V º

"declared war on 

V 

! promised help to 

V Differences in British cabinet
V    ² non commital
V    ² people against Îoining war
V º

"/aggressive attitude
V
º
  fall in line
V . 

 
º
V 
" remained neutral for a year
V 
" declared 
against º

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" Îoined the war on the side of

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" marched against 



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V º

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V º

" started |
 
 on a
large scale
V 
! fought on the side of the allies till
mm

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"
 Austria
took
England Îoins the Advantage
war in August,
` German Support
1914. America
Îoins in 1917. Austria-
Hungary

Germany
declares war 
on Russia 
Russian Support-
Serbia

28/07/1914
Austria attacks 23/07/1914
Serbia Russia Mobilizes
Forces
V


passenger ship ²  


V Sunk by a º

submarine
V Many


lost their lives
V


/stern warning against
unrestricted use of submarines.
V º

"continued submarine warfare .
V 
ã mm

V


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"
V


/entry #against the
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V


entry strengthened the hands of
the

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V 


ã)could not withstand
the combined forces of the opposition
V One by One the

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V 



V º

" Last to surrender
V #



on mm 



mm
V      
came to an end
on mm 


mm
 O'   O
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 )# (*(+
American entry One by one Germany signed
strengthened the Central Powers ceasefire in
Allied Powers surrendered November, 1918

Japan served India was WWI came to an

China with 21 unnecessarily end on 11th
Imperialist drawn into the November, 1918
Demands war

The Paris Peace The Treaty of

Treaty was signed Versailles was
in 1919-1920 imposed on
Germany
V Nations like 
 dominated by imperial
powers like
º
 
V unnecessarily drawn into war
V 



V .
ã
took over the German possessions of
 

V  
served with 21 imperialist demands by
.
ã

V  
virtually came under the control of
.
ã

?   
V More than 10 million
'# Soldiers died
V More than 1 lakh
%*# Soldiers died
V Twice the number of dead were wounded
V Among dead ² Promise and Flower of Europe·s
youth
V The future of
' was affected
   
V Economic loss due to use of Destructive
Weapons was enormous
V Civilian property was lost
V Trade and Industry came to a standstill
V Except USA and Japan, all states X Bankrupt
  O  O?  %  
 O 
V International Organization
V Created in 1920
V To Guarantee Independence and Territorial
Integrity of all nations, big or small
# O?   O 

V The map of Europe was redrawn

V Many new nations were born

Versailles Settlement in Europe
Oreaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918:
Delivering the Goods
ºerman Oerritorial Losses: 1919-1921
League of Nations Mandates in Africa
New Nations: 1923
?O  
V The 
became a Great World Power

V Political, Military and Economic centre of

Power shifted from Europe to America
    
V Weaknesses in formulation of 5 Peace Treaties

V Resentment among defeated Nations

V Paved way to the Second World War