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Strain Transformation
10.5 STRAIN ROSETTES
• We measure the normal strain in a tension-test
specimen using an electrical-resistance strain
gauge.
• For general loading on a body, the normal strains at
a pt are measured using a cluster of 3 electrical-
resistance strain gauges.
• Such strain gauges, arranged in a specific pattern
are called strain rosettes.
• Note that only the strains in the plane of the gauges
are measured by the strain rosette. That is ,the
normal strain on the surface is not measured.
R 119.2 106
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10. Strain Transformation
EXAMPLE 10.8 (SOLN)
The in-plane principal strains are thus
1 153 106 119.2 106 272 106
2 246106 119.2106 33.8106
1 74.5
2 p 2 tan 38.7
153 60
p 2 19.3
x x y z
1
E
1
y y x z
E
10 - 18
z z x y
1
E
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• Most common cause of yielding of
ductile material (e.g., steel) is slipping.
• Slipping occurs along the contact
planes of randomly-ordered crystals
that make up the material.
• Edges of planes of slipping as they appear on the
surface of the strip are referred to as Lüder’s lines.
• The lines indicate the slip planes in the strip, which
occur at approximately 45 with the axis of the
strip. 28
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• The lines indicate the slip planes in
the strip, which occur at approximately
45 with the axis of the strip.
• Consider an element, determine maximum shear
stress from Mohr’s circle,
Y
max 10 - 26
2
• Thus, in 1868, Henri Tresca
proposed the maximum-shear-stress
theory or Tresca yield criterion.
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10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• If the two in-plane principal
stresses have the same sign,
failure will occur out of the plane:
max
abs
max 2
• If in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs,
failure occurs in the plane:
max min
abs
max 2
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10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• Thus, we express the maximum-shear-stress
theory for plane stress for any two in-plane principal
stresses for 1 and 2 by the following criteria:
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• Energy per unit volume of material is called the
strain-energy density.
• Material subjected to a uniaxial stress , the
strain-energy density is written as
1
u 10 - 28
2
1 1 1
u 11 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• For linear-elastic behavior, applying Hooke’s law
into above eqn:
1 12 2 2 32
u 10 - 29
2 E 2 1 2 1 3 3 2
• Maximum-distortion-energy theory is defined as the
yielding of a ductile material occurs when the
distortion energy per unit volume of the material
equals or exceeds the distortion energy per unit
volume of the same material when subjected to
yielding in a simple tension test.
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10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• To obtain distortion energy per unit volume,
ud
1
6E
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
• In the case of plane stress,
ud
1 2
3E
1 1 2 22
• For uniaxial tension test, 1 = Y, 2 = 3 = 0
1 2
ud Y Y
3E
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10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• Since maximum-distortion energy theory requires
ud = (ud)Y, then for the case of plane or biaxial
stress, we have
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• Comparing both theories, we get the following
graph.
A. Brittle materials
3. Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
• Figure shows how brittle materials
fail.
A. Brittle materials
3. Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
• The maximum-normal-stress theory
states that a brittle material will fail
when the maximum principal stress
1 in the material reaches a limiting value that is
equal to the ultimate normal stress the material can
sustain when subjected to simple tension.
• For the material subjected to plane stress
1 ult
2 ult 10 - 31
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10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Brittle materials
3. Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
• Experimentally, it was found to be in close
agreement with the behavior of brittle materials that
have stress-strain diagrams similar in both tension
and compression.
A. Brittle materials
4. Mohr’s Failure Criterion
• Use for brittle materials where the tension and
compression properties are different.
• Three tests need to be performed on material to
determine the criterion.
A. Brittle materials
4. Mohr’s Failure Criterion
• Carry out a uniaxial tensile test to determine the
ultimate tensile stress (ult)t
• Carry out a uniaxial compressive test to determine
the ultimate compressive stress (ult)c
• Carry out a torsion test to determine the ultimate
shear stress ult.
• Results are plotted in Mohr circles.
A. Brittle materials
4. Mohr’s Failure Criterion
• Circle A represents the stress condition 1 = 2 = 0,
3 = –(ult)c
• Circle B represents the stress condition 1 = (ult)t,
2 = 3 = 0
• Circle C represents the
pure-shear-stress condition
caused by ult.
A. Brittle materials
4. Mohr’s Failure Criterion
• The Criterion can also be represented on a graph
of principal stresses 1 and 2 (3 = 0).
IMPORTANT
• If material is ductile, failure is specified by the
initiation of yielding, whereas if it is brittle, it is
specified by fracture.
• Ductile failure can be defined when slipping occurs
between the crystals that compose the material.
• This slipping is due to shear stress and the
maximum-shear-stress theory is based on this
idea.
• Strain energy is stored in a material when
subjected to normal stress.
IMPORTANT
• The maximum-distortion-energy theory depends on
the strain energy that distorts the material, and not
the part that increases its volume.
• The fracture of a brittle material is caused by the
maximum tensile stress in the material, and not the
compressive stress.
• This is the basis of the maximum-normal-stress
theory, and it is applicable if the stress-strain
diagram is similar in tension and compression.
IMPORTANT
• If a brittle material has a stress-strain diagram that
is different in tension and compression, then
Mohr’s failure criterion may be used to predict
failure.
• Due to material imperfections, tensile fracture of a
brittle material is difficult to predict, and so theories
of failure for brittle materials should be used with
caution.
12 1 2 22 Y 2
Is 76.22 76.2 178.0 178.02 Y 2 ?
51,100 62, 500 OK!
Since criterion is met, material within the pipe will not
yield (“fail”) according to the maximum-distortion-
energy theory.
P 15 kN
σx 19.10 kN/cm 2
191 MPa
A 0.5 cm 2
Tc 3.25 kN cm0.5 cm
xy
J 20.5 cm 4