JOING OF MAGNETIC

MATERIALS
 HISTORY OF MAGNET
•Over 2,000 years ago,
Greeks discovered a mineral
that attracted things made of
iron.
•Found in a part of Turkey
called Magnesia, so they
called it Magnetite.
 WHAT IS MAGNET?
•A magnet is any
material that attracts
iron or things made of
iron.
 WHAT IS MAGNETISM?
Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion
of a magnetic material due to the arrangement of
its atoms, particularly its electrons.
 REASON FOR MAGNETISM
Magnetic are theresult of electron magnetic moments.
Moments come from 2 sources:
Orbital motion around a nucleu
Spinning around an axis
The net magnetic moment for an atom is the sum of
the magnetic moments of constituent electrons
Atoms with completely filled electron shells does not
contribute to magnetic moment of the atom
The main contribution to magnetism comes fro the
spin of the unpaired valence electrons.
Magnetism in a material arises due to alignment of
magnetic moments.
 TYPES OF MAGNETISM
• Depending on the existence and alignment of
magnetic moments with or without application of
magnetic field, three types of magnetism can be
defined.

Magnetism

Dia Para Ferro

 DIAMAGNETISM
• Diamagnetism is a weak form of magnetism which
arises only when an external field is applied.
• It arises due to change in the orbital motion of
electrons on application of a magnetic field.
• There is no magnetic dipoles in the absence of a
magnetic field and when a magnetic field is applied
the dipole moments are aligned opposite to field
direction.
• This form of magnetism is of no practical importance.
 PARAMAGNETISM
• In a paramagnetic material the cancellation of
magnetic moments between electron pairs is
incomplete and hence magnetic moments exist
without any external magnetic field.
• When a magnetic field is applied all the dipole
moments are aligned in the direction of the field.
 FERROMAGNETISM
• Certain materials posses permanent magnetic
moments in the absence of an external magnetic field.
This is known as ferromagnetism.
• Permanent magnetic moments in ferromagnetic
materials arise due to uncancelled electron spins by
virtue of their electron structure.
• The origin of this coupling is attributed to the
electron structure. Ferromagnetic materials like Fe
(26 –[Ar] 4s2 3d6) have incompletely filled dorbitals
and hence unpaired electron spins.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
 CAUSES OF RESIDUAL
MAGNETISM
• Magnetic fields induced during pipe
manufacturing processes.
• Transporting of pipes,particularly in and around
overhead power lines is reported by operators to
be affected to a greater degree.
• Reported by some researchers that the
movement of pipe with respect to the earth’s
magnetic field can induce residual magnetism in
pipes.
 PROCESS USED TO JOIN
MATERIALS
• Bolting
• Riveting
• Adhesive joining
• Brazing
• Soldering
• Welding
 WELDING PROCESS USED
• Gas welding.
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW).
• Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW).
• Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW).
• Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW).
• Submerged Arc Welding (SAW).
• Friction Welding.
• Electron Beam Welding.
joint design
 PROBLEMS IN MAGNETIC
MATERIAL WELDING
• Magnetic arc blow
All welding processes
that use either an arc or a
beam of electrons are subject
to disruption in a magnetic
field. This is caused by the
electrons being forced to
follow a curved path when
they pass through the
magnetic field, deflecting the
arc and causing it to behave
erratically.
EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD
IN WELDING
 EFFECT OF ARC BLOW
• Weld bead width increases.
• Weld penetration decreases.
• Spatter increases.
• Porosity.
 PROJECT ON EFFECT OF
MAGNETIC FIELD ON WELDING

Welding under 70 gauss magnetic field

 REMEDICAL STEPS
• Change to A.C current.
• Using high welding current.
• Hold an arc shortly.
• Change the angle of electrode opposite to the
arc blow.
• Demagnetization.
 REMOVE THE MAGNETISM
• To remove the magnetism completely, the
material can be heated to the Curie Point,
typically 1000°C and allowed to cool in a zero
field. For small parts this is feasible, but for pipes
or plates, the energy cost and magnetic leak
back make it impractical.
• The part is placed in an ac field that is slowly
reduced to zero. Although a good approach
there are a number of problems. It can be slow,
taking hours or even days to do the job.
 The Zeromag Demagnetising
System
• Zeromag Z100 is a
demagnetising system.
• Maximum magnetic
field cancelling
capability: 2000 gauss.
• Maximum diameter
tubulars: 4 m.
• System includes:
Zeromag100 power
supply, demagnetising
cable, magnetic field
meter, magnetic field
probe.
• Time to demagnetize:
 CONCLUSION
• By using demagnization technique,
magnetnic field is removed from the weld
material.
• Due to that arc blow is prevented in
magnetic materials like iron, nickel, cobalt.
THANK YOU