BASE OIL, BASE STOCK,

LUBE BASE STOCK

DISAMPAIKAN OLEH
HARYONO

SEKOLAH TINGGI ENERGI DAN MINERAL

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 Function of Lubricating Oils
 Antifriction
 Antiwear
 Antirust / Anticorrosion
 Detergency and Dispersancy
 Cooling
 Sealing
 Transmission of power

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 Base Stocks
What is base stocks ?
 The base fluid usually a refined petroleum
fraction or a selected synthetic material,
into which additives are blended to
produce finished lubricants.
 Mineral oils are refined by a number of
processes from crude oil
 Synthetic oil can be made from petroleum
or vegetable oil by synthetic processes

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Future Base stock trends
 Crude Source Change
 Increased Use of Synthetics
 Greater Availability of Naphthenics
 Increased Use of Hydrotreating
 Increased Use of Catalytic Dewaxing

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 Base Oil

 The liquids available for use as lubricating

media can be classified into three types:

 animal or vegetable oils;

 mineral oils;

 synthetic oils

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Animal or Vegetable oils
 Which result either from animal matter or from
vegetable matter :
 Fish oils (minyak ikan)
 Lard oil (lemak babi)
 Rape seed oil (minyak lobak)
 Castor oil (kastroli, minyak jarak)
 Palm kernel oil (minyak biji sawit)
 Consist of mixtures of glyceryl esters of various
fatty acids
 Poor chemical stability
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Mineral oils

Crude Choice
 Each crude source has a different
composition of HC, Sulfur and Nitrogen
compound.
 Composition of refined oil and application
is related to crude source and processing.
 Availability of various crudes may be
restricted by economic, rarity and political
considerations.
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Process

 The residue from atmospheric distillation of

crude petroleum, when it self distilled and
fractionated under reduced pressure, yields
lubricating oil stocks of various viscosities
 Oils derived from paraffinic crudes will require
de-waxing to permit satisfactory fluidity at low
temperature
 Asphaltic, resinous, aromatic, and other
unsaturated materials must be removed by a
suitable process to provide stocks of high
oxidation resistance
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 The hydrocarbons found in mineral oils are
mainly of three general types:
straight and branched chain paraffinic
compounds;

polycyclic and fused-ring saturated

hydrocarbons based on cyclopentane and
cyclohexane prototype ring structures,
collectively known as naphthenes;

aromatics, both mono and polynuclear, which

are unsaturated ring structures.
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 Good lubricating oil require good base stocks

Performance Key Base stock

Criteria properties
High temperature viscosity Viscosity, Viscosity Index

Low temperature viscosity Viscosity, Viscosity Index

Pour point

Oxidation stability Saturate content,

S-content
Seal swelling Saturate content
Additive campatibility Saturate content

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 Base stock Properties / Composition
Influences Oxidation Performance
Hydrocarbon Type Oxidation Stability

Saturates
Paraffins Good
Naphthens Good
Aromatics
Alkyl Benzene Good
Multi-ring Poor
Others
Sulfur base Anti-oxidant
Nitrogen base Anti-oxidant

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Oxidation Performance
 The single most critical aspect of
directly related to base stock quality

Sludge
Deposit
Finished Oil Oxidation
Acid
Corrosion
Oil thickening

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 Kapasitas ?

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Th 2005
Synthetic oils
 Lubricants produced by entirely synthetic means
cannot, in general, compete with mineral oils on
price and some are at present extremely
expensive.

 Table III shows some of the technical and

applicational advantages of synthetic lubricants,

 Table IV shows the principal classes and gives

typical structural formulae.

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( PAO )

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Hydrocarbons Synthetic
 In the Fischer-Tropsch process, a mixture of CO and H2
is passed through a heated catalyst bed.

 When the H2 proportion in the synthesis gas is high, HC-

paraffinic predominate in the resultant hydrocarbons
mixture

 While for lower proportions of H2, HC-olefinic are

produced

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Polyalphaolefins (PAO)
 The polyalphaolefins are a relatively new class
of lubricants produced by oligomerization of
linear alpha olefins, the main feedstock for which
is ethylene.

 They can be manufactured in different chain and

pendant alkyl group lengths and viscosities, and
are finding increasing application in many
lubricants as total or partial substitutes for
mineral oil base stocks where certain of their
inherent advantages can be exploited.

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Silicones
 A range of interesting fluids is produced by the
polymerization of alkyl or aryl substituted siloxanes.

 The silicone fluids of commerce are usually polymethyl

siloxanes, and in the specimen structural formula in
Table IV, n can range between 1 and 13.

 These fluids are their very good viscosity/temperature

characteristics, their low-temperature fluidity, and their
relatively high flash points.

 However, under certain conditions these fluids exhibit

rather poorer lubricating properties than do petroleum
lubricants, and their cost is very high.
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Polyglycols
 These fluids result from the reaction of aliphatic
monohydric alcohols with certain alkylene oxides.

 The molecular weights of the polymers fall within the

range 400 to 3000, the viscosity rising with rising
molecular weight.

 In the main, the range of fluids provides products of good

viscosity/temperature characteristics, of low pour point,
and with densities very close to that of water.

 The water-insoluble polyglycols find their widest use in

hydraulic brake fluids, while the water-soluble varieties
are of special interest in fire-resistant hydraulic fluids
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Esters
 A large number of esters and diesters have been
proposed as lubricants.
 Among the most important are those diesters which
result from the reaction of such dibasic acids as glutaric,
adipic, azelaic, and sebacic acids with C5 to C14 primary
and secondary alcohols, branched-chain primary
alcohols generally being preffered.
 A group of low-viscosity, chemically-stable lubricants can
be produced which show excellent viscosity and volatility
characteristics over a wide temperature range, which
makes them particularly attractive for aircraft gasturbine
applications.
 di-(2-ethylhexyl)-sebacate has been widely used as a
base fluid
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Polyphenyl ethers
 Polyphenyl ethers such as m-bis (m-phenoxy) benzene,

 They have poor low-temperature properties,

 moderate viscosity characteristics and poor lubricity,

 extremely stable thermally and have been used for

appreciable periods at temperatures as high as 500 0C.

 They are also unusualy resistant to nuclear radiation and

have been considered for use in advanced aircraft gas-
turbine lubricants and as high-temperature hydraulic
fluids in rockets and other space vehicles

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 Viscosity Index
 Difinition ?

VI 50
Visc. mm2/s

VI 100

VI 150

Temp. 0C

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Why do we need high VI oils ?
 In order to achieve easy cold starting, a
low viscosity is necessary

 At full operating temperature, a

sufficiently high viscosity is required for
good lubrication.

 A higher viscosity index indicates a

smaller decrease in kinematic viscosity
with increasing temperature of the
lubricant.
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 viscosity index, n — an arbitrary number used to
characterize the variation of the kinematic
viscosity of a petroleum product with
temperature.
 viscosity index is a widely used and accepted
measure of the variation in kinematic viscosity
due to changes in the temperature of a
petroleum product between 40 and 100°C.
 A higher viscosity index indicates a smaller
decrease in kinematic viscosity with increasing
temperature of the lubricant.
(Ref. ASTM D 2270)

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Base Oil Group

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 The American Petroleum Institute (API) and
 the Association Technique de l’Industrie Europenne des
Lubrifiants (ATIEL)
 Dumai LBO Plant
Simple Process Diagram
Dumai LBO Plant

Hydrocarbon Sulfur (%) Viscosity Index

Saturates (%)
Group Ⅰ < 90 and/or >0.03 and 80≤ Ⅵ <120
Group Ⅱ ≥90 and ≤0.03 and 80≤ Ⅵ <120

SYNTHETIC
Group Ⅲ

BASE OIL
≥90 and ≤0.03 and Ⅵ≥120
Group Ⅳ PAO ( Poly Alpha Olefin )
Group Ⅴ Esters and Others

Group III Group II Group I

(YUBASE Plus)
 Performance ranking of base oils

1.0 = excellent, 2.0 = fair, 3.0 = poor

 A = high temperature, D = evaporation loss,
 B = low temperature, E = toxicity,
 C = ageing, F = VT-behavior
 TUGAS 5
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TERIMAKASIH

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