2013

Construction Training

Piping Work
 Goal of Class

Goal of Class , the first is developing the distinguishing ability of piping element for beginners.
The second is early accustommed to piping aspect through the understanding of basic design of
Piping.

Target of Class

I. Developing of distinguishing ability through the understanding basic

piping element for piping general.

II.Developing of ability for coordination through the understanding of Basic Design.

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 Contents

Chapter 1 Piping Element

Chapter 2 Basisc Design

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 Piping Element & Basic Design

Target of Chapter

1. Understanding of Each Piping Element

2. Understanding of Piping Design Process
3. Understanding of Required Documents For Construction In Related Piping Design Documents
4. Understanding of Relation for Piping Design & Construction

Contents

1. PIPING ELEMENT
2. BASIC DESIGN
3. KEY DOCUMENT OF PIPING
4. MATERIAL
5. ISOMETRIC DRAWING
6. STANDARD CODE LIST

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT

Lesson 1

Ⅰ. Pipe

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 1. PIPE

1. Definition of Pipe

PIPE can be justified, which is transferred the fluid from equipment to equipment through pipe.
Defining Element for pipe is as belows.
(Related Code & Standard-> ASME B36.10, B36.19, B16.25, API 5L etc.)

2. Size

a. Outside Diameter of PIPE is always same, generally called Nominal Pipe Size (NPS).
In case of Millimeter, it shall be indicated Nominal Diameter (DN).

b. For Same Size, even though Pipe Thickness is changed, Outside Diameter(OD) doesn’t changed.
Inside Diameter shall be changed as to rate of varience of thickness.

c. For 14” Over, Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) & Outside Diameter(OD) shall be same.
But 12” below, it will be different.

d. Generally, Pipe’s indication shall be used ¼”, ½”, ¾”, 1”, 1.1/2”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12’, 14”, 16”,
18”, 20”, 24”, 28”, 30” …, But normally 1.1/4”, 2.1/2”, 3.1/2”, 5” doesn’t use this indication.
This indication shall be used the special case.(Equipment Connection etc,)

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 1. PIPE

3. Pipe Schedule & Wall Thickness

a. For Process Piping under Internal Pressure, Pipe Thickness shall be caculated as per
ASME B31.3 Para 304.1.2.

tm = t + c t = PD / 2(SWE + PY)

tm=Min. Th’k, t=Design Th’k, P=Internal Design Gage Pressure

D= OD of Pipe, S=Stress Value, E=Quality Factor,
Y=Valve of Coefficient,
c=Mechanical + Corrosion + Erosion Allowance
W = Welding Joint Strength Reduction Factor

b. Generally, Pipe Schedule & Wall Thickness shall be followed the ASME B36.10 & B36.19’s related cluase.
Normally Schedule No. shall be used.

c. Schedule No. shall be used 10, 20, 30, 40, 80, 100, 160, STD (Standard Weight), XS (Extra-Strong),
XXS (Double Extra-Strong) only. Stainless Pipe shall be used 5S, 10S, 40S, 80S additional.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 1. PIPE

4. Type of Joint(1)

Type of Joint shall be followed the ASME B31.3 Table 302.3.2,

Joint Quality Factor (Ej) of each pipe shall be followed the ASME B31.3의 Table A-1B.

a. Seamless (SMLS) : Pipe doesn’t have the welding seam, Ej = 1.

b. Welded : Pipe has the welding seam, Ej shall be described as belows.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 1. PIPE

4. Type of Joint(2)

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 1. PIPE

5. End Type

a. Plain End (PE)

Normally It shall be used Socket Welding, which is cutted plainly End of Pipe.

b. Threaded End (TE) : ASME B1.20.1

Normally it shall be used NPT-M (National Pipe Taper-Male) & NPT-F (National Pipe Taper-
Female).

c. Bevel End (BE) : ASME B16.25

Wall Thickness over 3mm to 22mm Wall Thickness over 22mm

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 1. PIPE

6. Pipe Weight & Unit Length

a. PIPE WEIGHT

Pipe Weight, it described on ASME B36.10 & B36.19.

It can be calculated by belows equation.
W = 0.0246615x(OD-t) x t
where, W : Pipe Unit Weight (kg/m), OD : Outside Diameter, t : Pipe Thickness (mm)

b. PIPE UNIT LENGTH

Pipe Unit Length is Min. Unit for Purchasing, which shall be followed ASTM Requirement.
Generally, GS E&C shall be applied 6M or 12M.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT

Lesson 2

Ⅱ. Fitting

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 2. FITTING

1. Elbow

Fitting shall be classified the Forged Fitting & Wrought Fitting as to manufacturing method.
Classification of usage is as belows.

- ELBOW (ASME B16.9, B16.11 or B16.28)

It shall be used the change of direction for Service Fluid.

a. Forged Elbow : 45 Deg., 90 Deg.

b. Wrought Elbow : 45 Deg., 90 Deg-LR, 90 Deg-SR

Long Radius (LR) : R=1.5OD

Short Radius (SR) : R =OD
R

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 2. FITTING

2. Tee, Lateral & Cross

a. Tee & Cross (ASME B16.9 or B16.11)

Tee & Cross shall be used in case of several branch required from 1 line.
Tee can be classified the Equal, Reducing.
In case of Cross, it shall be used for Jacket Line Outer general.
Cross will be produced Equal Type only.

b. Lateral (ASME B16.9 or B16.11)

Laternal shall be same usage like TEE, which shall be used in

case of 45Deg. Or 60 Deg. Branch required point.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 2. FITTING

3. Reducer & Swage

Reducer & Swage shall be used, which is required the change of Line Size.
Reducer & Swage can be classified the Eccentric & Concentric Type.
a. Reducer (ASME B16.9) : It shall be used the Bevel End Point

b. Swage (MSS SP-95) : It shall be used forSmall Size’s Redusing, which can be selected by
below case of end type.

- Both PE - BLE x PSE

- PLE x TSE (NPT-M) - BLE x TSE (NPTM)
- TLE(NPT-M) x PSE

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 2. FITTING

4. Reinforced Branch Outlet

- Reinforced Branch Outlet (O-let) : Socket Outlet, Welded Outlet, Threaded Outlet, Elbow Outlet, Nipple
Outlet (MSS SP-97)
It shall be used like Tee, which required Branch from Header line.
This shall be same like attachment of Reinforced Pad, which required Branch.
Therefore, this is always used, which required the diminishment of Welding Dia-inch &
convenience of construction work.
Generally, it will be economical which Branch Size will be under NPS12.

Welded Outlet Socket Outlet Threaded Outlet

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 2. FITTING

5. Cap & Boss

a. CAP (ASME B16.9, B16.11)

CAP is the Piping Component for closing of Piping End.

It shall be used, which is no consideration of Future Expansion.
If Future Expansion will be considered, BLIND FLANGE shall be considered for Closing of Pipe End.

b. BOSS

BOSS shall be used like Socket

Outlet, Half Coupling, which
required Small Size Branch.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 2. FITTING

6. Coupling

a. Full Coupling (ASME B16.11)

In case, End Type of Small Size is Plain End (PE) or Threaded End (TE).
Full Coupling shall be used, which required the connection of Pipe to Pipe, Pipe to Swage,
Swage to Swage.

Full Coupling Half Coupling

b. Half Coupling (ASME B16.11)

It shall be used like Socket Outlet, Boss, which required Small Size Branch.

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I. PIPING ELEMENT 2. FITTING

7. Miter Band & Band

a. MITER BEND

Generally it shall be used for replacing of Elbow, which exceed the line over NPS80.
It shall be determined as to Para. 304.2.3 of ASME B31.3 after calculation.

Miter Bend Bend

b. BEND

BEND shall be used for protection of Erosion, which can be applied in case of Solid Service
or rapid velocity. Generally R=3D, R=5D, R=10D shall be used .

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I. PIPING ELEMENT 2. FITTING

8. Union & Stub End

a. UNION

It shall be used, which will be connected the Small Size Piping of Water or Steam Line.
It has the merit which can be disconnected without cutting of Pipe.
But, this element doesn’t use well because of Leakage consideration.

Union (Socket Welding Ends) Union (Threaded Ends)

b. STUB END

It shall be used for saving of cost, which applied

the high cost material at Low Pressure Service.
STUB END always used with Lab Joint Flange.

Stub-End

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I. PIPING ELEMENT

Lesson 3

Ⅲ. Flange

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 3. FLANGE

1. Definition of Flange

a. Applicable Standard : ASME B16.5, B16.47, B16.48, AWWA C207

b. Flange can be defined, which is the Piping Componet for closing of Piping End.
It shall be used for mechanical connection of Pipe to Pipe, Pipe to Valve & Other Equipment,
for Future Expansion.

c. Flange is not only used for connection of Piping Component, but also it will be used for Periodical
Inspection & Maintenance.

d. Generally, Flange Joint shall be worked with GAKSET, BOLT/NUT.

e. Flange has the theory of sealing’s holding, which exerted enough Pre-Load to Gasket by bolting in case
of internal pressure works on piping inside. At this time occurred enough Contact Stress on Flange Face
between Gasket.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 3. FLANGE

2. Connection Type(1)
Flange can be classified as belows according to Connection Type.

a. Welding Neck Type

- Application : BW Connection case

- Rating : All, - Size Range : NPS ½ ~ 60
- Generally, it is most used.

b. Socket Welding Type

- Application : SW Connection case

- Rating : CL1500 Below, -Size Range : NPS 3
- Generally, it shall be used NPS 1.1/2 Below

c. Threaded Type

- Application : Threaded Connection case

- Rating : All, - Size Range : NPS 24 Below
- Generally, it shall be used CL600 Below

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 3. FLANGE

2. Connection Type(2)

d. Slip On Welding Type

- Application : BW Connection case

- Rating : CL1500, - Size Range : NPS 24 Below
- Generally, it shall be applied at Low Pressure

e. Lab Joint Type

It shall be used for saving of cost, which applied the high cost material at Low Pressure Service.
Generally, it shall be used CL300 Below & worked with STUB END.

Stub End

f. Blind Type

It shall be used for closing of Piping End,

Which required the consideration of Future Expansion.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 3. FLANGE

2. Connection Type(3)
g. Reducing Type
It shall be used which Connection Size of Facing side is smaller
than Connection Size of Pipe side.
Generally, it shall be used Jacketing Line.
Using the Reducing Type Flange, it shall be considered
the application of Gasket.

h. Figure-8 Blank, Paddle Spacer & Blank

It shall be used for long term closing & open of Line.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 3. FLANGE

3. Flange Facing
According to FLANGE FACING, the classification is as belows.

a. RF (Raised Face)

It is well used Type.

At Class 150,300 Height of Raised Face shall be 1/16”,
another will be 1/4”.
b. FF (Full Face)

Normally it will be used Class 150,300 only, which shall be applied

Casting Iron Flange & Valve Connection.

c. RJ (Ring Joint Face)

Normally it shall be used CL900 Above, high pressure service.

d. Large or Small Male & Female

It is for Semi-Confined Gasket use.

e. Large or Small Tongue & Groove

Normally it shall be used for Vacuum Line& High Seating

Pressure, which required totally confined gasket use.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 3. FLANGE

4. Flange Pressure Temperature Rating

a. Flange Rating can be defined, which is described the Pressure-Temperature Combination for
applicale Material.
b. Flange Rating is acted on basic Guide for safe design at designated Temperature/Pressure when
executed Piping System Design.

c. In same Class, it has the relation. Pressure is higher, available Temperature shall be decreased.
The Temperature is higher, available Pressure shall be decreased.

d. Flange Rating prescribed at ASME B16.5 Table2 & classified by Material Group at Table 1A.

e. For Forged Steel Flange, it consist of 7 Class 150,300,400,600,900,1500,2500.

f. For all of Material, it shall be used Minimum CL 300 which service temperature exceeds 538 Deg.C
(1000 Deg.F) case.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT

Lesson 4

Ⅳ. Gasket

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 4. GASKET

1. Non Metallic Gasket

Gasket shall be installed for sealing of Flange & Flange Joint .
It can be classified with Non Metallic Gasket & Metallic Gasket.

- Non Metallic Gasket : ASME B16.21

a. Normally, Material shall be determined by Chemical Component of Service Fluid.

If selection is wrong, Sealing effect will be gone. It shall be required the careful application.
b. Material shall be classified with Non-Asbestos, PTFE, NBR, EPDM.
- PTFE (Poly Tetrafluoro Ethylene) : It called “TFE”, it is well known Teflon of Trade Name.

- NBR (Natural Butadiene Rubber) : It called “Buna-N”, classified with Rubber.

- EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Terpolymers) : It classified with Rubber.

c. It shall be classified with Full Face, Flat Ring according to Face Type.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 4. GASKET

2. Metallic Gasket
- Metallic Gasket : ASME B16.20
a. Spiral Wound Gasket
It shall be used widely Low Pressure to High Pressure, Temperature which is very reliable Gasket.
Hoop& Inner Ring shall be used the same Base Material of related Class.

b. Ring Joint Gasket

It shall be used at High Pressure, which will be classified with Octagonal Type & Over Type.

c. Jacketed Gasket
It shall be used the same purpose of SPW Gasket, but it doesn’t use well in present.
SPW Gasket will be replaced it now.

Outer Ring Filler

Hoop
Inner Ring

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT

Lesson 5

Ⅴ. Bolt & Nut

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 5. BOLT & NUT

1. Bolt
- Bolt (ASME B18.2.1)
Bolt is used for Jointing of Flange or Valve, which can be classified Machine Bolt & Stub Bolt.
a. Machine Bolt
Ii is used for Cap Screw Bolt of Butterfly
Valve, Lug Type Valve.

b. Stud Bolt
Generally, it uses for Piping .

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 5. BOLT & NUT

2. Nut
- Nut (ASME B18.2.2)
Nut shall be classified with Square Nut & Hex. (Hexagonal) Nut according to Shape.
Generallly, Heavy Hex. Nut is well used.

Square Nut Hex Nut

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I. PIPING ELEMENT

Lesson 6

Ⅵ. Valve

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 6. VALVE

1. Gate valve

a. It shall be used for On-Off .

b. Major Part consist of Body & Bonnet, Trim, Bonnet

Gasket, Grand Packing .

c. Especially, Trim consist of Stem, Gate Seat Surfaces, Body

Seat Surfaces, Back Seat Stem Contact Surface.

d. Gate valve can be classified with Solid, Flexible,

Split Wedge according to Shape of Gate.

e. Gate valve can be classified with Bolted Bonnet,

Welded Bonnet, Pressure Seal Bonnet
according to Bonnet type.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 6. VALVE

2. Globe valve

a. It shall be used for controlling of Flow Rate.

b.Globe valve can be classified with Flat Seat & Conical Seat
according to Shape of Disc. Conical Type is more
applicable for micro controlling of Flow Rate.

c. Needle Valve for using of sampling is also classified

a type of Globe Valve. It called “Globe Valve Needle Type”

d. Generally, Globe valve will be used upto 12”, 150 Class.

More than 12” Gate Valve shall be used for saving of cost.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 6. VALVE

3. Check Valve
a. It shall be used for stopping of reverse flow.

b. It can be classified with Piston (Lift), Ball, Swing Check Valve according to Disc Type.

c. Generally, it shall be installed at Horizontal Line. For Small Size Forged Check Valve,
it can be installed at Vertical line which installed the Spring for additional Req’t.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 6. VALVE

4. Ball Valve(1)
a. It shall be used for Quick Open/Close, Tight Sealing.

b. According to Seat Material, it will be classified with Metal, Soft (PTFE, RTFE).
For using of Soft Seat, it shall be used after checking the Press-Temp Rating.
c. As to Supporting Type of Ball, it shall be classified with Floating , Trunnion-Mounted Type.

d. As to Port Type of Ball, it shall be classified with Full, Regular, Reducing Port.

e. As to Shape of Body, it can be classified 1 Piece, 2 Piece, 3 Piece, Top Entry.

f. It can be fabricated 3-Way Type & Jacketed Type.

2 Piece, Floating Type

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 6. VALVE

4. Ball Valve(2)

1 Piece, Floating Type Top Entry Type

2 Pieces, Trunnion-Mounted Type 3 Pieces, Trunnion-Mounted Type

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 6. VALVE

6. BUTTERFLY VALVE (1)

a. Butterfly Valve is well used in Process at present because of decreasing weight & facing length.
But, it was only well used for Utility Line , water line etc.

b. As to Seat Material, it can be classified with Lined, Metal, Soft (PTFE, RTFE).
For using of Soft Seat, it shall be used after checking the Press-Temp Rating.

c. As to API 609, it can be classified with Category-A & Category-B.

Category-B shall be used for High Performance case.

d. For using of Process, it shall be used the Triple Offset Type.

Metal Seat Type of This Valve is well used at present because of no restriction for Temperature,
Zero Leakage, short facing length.

e. As to Connection Type, it can be classified with Wafer, Wafer-Lug & Double Flanged Type.

• For Ball, Plug, Butterfly Valve, it called “Quarter-Turn Valve”. These Valve shall be fabricated
as to API 607 which reflected Fire Safe Design. Manufacturer shall be kept the Fire Safety Certificate
which will be certified by Thire Party.

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 6. VALVE

6. BUTTERFLY VALVE (2)

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Ⅰ. PIPING ELEMENT 6. VALVE

7. SINGLE & DUAL PLATE VALVE

a. It can be classified with Single Plate & Dual Plate Check Valve according to Plate.

b. For Dual Plate Check Valve, it is well used for NPS 2” over at present because of short facing length,
less weight, competent cost comparing to Swing Type Check Valve.

c. According to Connection Type, it can be classified with Wafer, Wafer-Lug, Double Flanged Type.

Single Plate Check Valve Dual Plate Check Valve

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II. Basic Design for Piping

Lesson 1

Ⅰ. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Criteria of Piping Material Application

A spool is a short piece of pipe with flanges on both ends. The word “spool” is derived from the fact that this
configuration actually looks similar to the common wood spool upon which sewing thread is wound.

A spool drawing, however, is more complicated than the simple illustration above, since it involves many such
“spools” on one sheet of paper. The spool drawing is an isometric drawing rather than an orthographic drawing. It is
three-dimensional in that it shows both horizontal and vertical planes. The term “spool” is no longer being used as
the name for these drawings. The proper term is “piping isometric”. Slang forms have shortened it to “isometric” or
“isos”.

The purpose in making the piping isometric of a piping

configuration is threefold:

1. It is used by the Fabricator in fabricating the line.

2. It is used by the Piping Material Group in purchasing the

material for the line.

3. It is used by the field crew in erecting the line.

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

The iso shows routing and dimension lines of the piping only. It does not attempt to show the details of equipment
and supporting structures that are found on the piping plan. The iso is usually drawn from a model or preliminary
drawings. To demonstrate the use of the iso, a step-by-step sequence of events will be shown below.

Step 1

A line from the piping plan is selected to be iso’d. A typical such line is shown to the right. Note that only the
horizontal plane can be seen in the orthographic drawing. The vertical portion of the line cannot be seen in full
length. The iso will bring this portion of the line in clear view. Note the direction of the North Arrow.

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Step 2

The first thing, which must be decided about the iso, is the direction the north arrow will be placed. Flour standard is
pointing up and to the right. However, occasionally two acceptable alternatives are up and to the left or up and to the
right – no other choices are commonly acceptable.
.

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Step 3

After orientation of the north arrow has been decided, the final spool drawing is drawn. The selection of the best
configuration involves the following aspects:

1. How the configuration will most readily adapt to the shape of the iso paper?

2. How the configuration will result in the least amount of interference between dimension lines and extension lines?

3. How the configuration will present the pipe most clearly?

After drawing the configuration, the iso must be completely dimensioned. Extension lines are thin dark lines
approximately 1/2” to 5/8” in length, or more if needed. These are drawn perpendicular to the section of the line
being dimensioned.

Dimension lines are thin dark lines drawn between the extension lines and parallel to the section of line being
dimensioned.

The dimension line should be drawn approximately 1/2” or more if needed from the line being dimensioned, and it
should terminate with small arrowheads at the extension lines.

In the previous example, either of the two alternatives was equally acceptable – both gave a clear view of the pipe
with no crossing of dimension lines. The reason for selecting the bottom sketch was to give a north arrow orientation
of “up and to the right.” This the preferred Flour Daniel standard orientation whenever possible.

As an example of an iso where either of the two alternatives is not equally preferred, refer to the plan drawing below:

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

As an example of an iso where either of the two alternatives is not equally preferred, refer to the plan drawing below:

The two alternate sketches for this configuration might look as follows:

The configuration on the left has the pipe crossing itself. This is always undesirable and should be avoided whenever
possible. By simply orienting the north arrow to the other alternate location, this situation is eliminated. This
configuration then is preferred to the Flour standard. Another method to consider if the north arrow cannot be
changed is to detach the portions of pipe that cross over. We’ll cover this later on.

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

CALL-OUTS

Equipment Flanges

All equipment nozzles on isometric drawings are drawn double line. The call-out for these nozzles varies depending
on whether the nozzle projects horizontally or vertically.

The following iso drawing indicates these two different types of nozzle call-outs:

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

For a horizontally projecting nozzle such as at V – 1, the following call – out information is needed:

*1. Equipment Number (V – 1)

2. Centerline Elevation (E – 110’ – 0”)

*3. Nozzle designation B1 (Obtained from Vessel Drawing)

4. Nozzle size and rating (6” – 150#) (Call – out only if nozzle is out of spec.)

*These are always shown.

A vertically projecting nozzle such as at P – 7 requires the following call – out information:

1. Equipment Number (P – 7)

2. Face of flange elevation (el. 102’ – 0”)

3. Nozzle designations or function (suction)

4. Nozzle size and rating (4” – 150# R.F.)

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Out of spec equipment flanges are those which do not agree in rating with those on the connecting line. For the
example below : assume the flange at P – 7 are a 300# flange. Assume that the line connecting to this pump nozzle
is an “A” spec line which specifies 150# flanges. The pump flange is then said to be “out of spec”. In this case the
connecting flange must be called out as shown below.

Reducer

On the previous example, the mechanical flow diagram indicates a 6” line and a 4” pump nozzle. It is apparent that a
reducer is necessary between the valve and the pump nozzle. This reducer must be shown on the isometric and
called out as indicated in the example. The larger pipe size is always given first.

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II. Basic Design for Piping

Lesson 2

Ⅱ. Standard Code

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 2. STANDARD CODE

2.1 STANDARD CODE LIST

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 Ⅲ. Key
II. Basic Design Document
for Piping of Piping 2. STANDARD CODE

2.1 STANDARD CODE LIST

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II. Basic Design for Piping
ping 2. STANDARD CODE

2.1 STANDARD CODE LIST

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