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INTRODUCTION
INDUSTRIALISATION
MOTORIZATION
MOTORIZATION
NOX
SOX
CO
SMOKE (etc)
INDUSTRIALISATION
FERROUS METALLURGICAL
INDUSTRIES
NON-FERROUS METALLURGICAL
INDUSTRIES
FERROUS INDUSTRIES
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Phenol
Fluorine
Cyanide
EFFECT:
Destroy the vegetation around the plant site
CONTROL:
Introduction of electrostatic precipitators
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Depletion of Ozone
Global Warming
SMOG
HISTORY OF SMOG
Consists mainly of: Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfur Trioxide, soot and ash
(particulate matter) and sulfuric acid
Effects:
It can cause breathing difficulties in humans
EXAMPLE:
London December 1952
4000 people died of respiratory problems
Followed by additional 8000 deaths in the following
months
CONTROL:
Alkaline Scrubbers reduce SO2 and SO3 levels; electrostatic precipitators
reduce particulates.
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
Source:
Mainly automobile pollution
Contains: Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Alkanals, Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs),
plus hundreds of other substances
Effects:
PANs cause eyes to water and can damage plants, O3 irritates eyes and
deteriorates rubber and plants, NOx causes acid rain.
EXAMPLE:
First observed in Los Angeles in the 1940s
Manila and Mexico City also experience this kind of smog
CONTROL:
Catalytic Converters change NO to N2, Lean burning engines reduce Nox,
but create more CO and Hydrocarbons.
THERMAL INVERSIONS
EXAMPLE:
In London, 1952, a thermal inversion lasting several days
resulted in the deaths of several thousand people, most
severely affecting the very old and young
FORMATION OF ACID
RAIN
EXAMPLE
O
UV
O2 + radiation +
O +
O2 O3 (ozone)
O +
UV + O3
(ozone) O2
O + O3 O2 + O2
(ozone)
+
O + O2 O3
(ozone)
heat
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
creation of ozone
breakdown of
ozone
THE OZONE DEPLETION PROCESS
Cl
C
F
Cl
UV F
C
+ radiation
F Cl +
F
Cl- “free
radical”
THE OZONE DEPLETION PROCESS
+ +
Cl- O3
ClO O2
“free radical” (ozone)
+ +
O
ClO Cl- O2
“free radical”
ANTHROPOGENIC OZONE DEPLETION
creation of ozone
breakdown of
ozone
Previously a balance
CO2 from human &animals=CO2 taken by trees
O2 given out by trees=O2 used by human &animals
Natural
greenhouse
gas
SOLAR
Sun
RADIATION
Natural
greenhouse
gas
Less heat escape to space
SOLAR
Sun
RADIATION
Increase in
greenhouse gas
due to human
activity
E
F
F
E
C
T
Melting Glaciers – Mt.