NEUROANATOMY

Muh.Iqbal Basri
Anatomy Department
Hasanuddin University

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INTRODUCTION 1

 Nervous system consist of:

o CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
o PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) (Nn. Craniales
+ Nn. Spinales)

 CNS
o Location inside of Cavum Cranii + Canalis Vertebralis
o Consist of ENCEPHALON + MEDULLA SPINALIS
o There are channels in CNS Ventriculi system + Canalis
Centralis
o CNS cover by layer/ MENINGES sheath
o Basic structure / primary CNS  SUBSTANTIA GRISEA +
SUBSTANTIA ALBA
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INTRODUCTION 2
 CNS consist by nervous cell :
o NEUROGLIA  - as suporting cell
- consist of Oligodendrosit, Astrosit, Microglia,
Ependym cell
o NEURON
- Is the PRIMARY fuctional unit in nervous system
- The primary part contained nervous sytem (90% on CNS)
- have axon + dendrit  FIBRE NERVE
- Axon enveloped by “myelin”
(CNS  by Oligodendrosit, PNS  by Schwann cell)
- Collection of fibre nerve:
• CNS  tractus / fasciculus / fibrae
• PNS  Nervus
- Neuron size  can reach within 1 m, but still on microskopis size

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 Cellular organization

 Neurons
 Cell body
 Axon
 Dendrites

 Neuroglia －glial cell

Structural classification
 Bipolar neuron
has an axon and a dendrite
 Pseudounipolar neuron
has a central branch and a
peripheral branch
 Multipolar neuron has an axon
and two or more dendrites

Functional classification
 Sensory (efferent) neuron
 Motor (afferent) neuron
 Association neuron
INTRODUCTION 3
o Axon + Dendrit  consist of SUBSTANTIA ALBA
o Body cell  consist of SUBSTANTIA GRISEA
o NUCLEUS  a collection of body cell in CNS
o SYNAPS  related between 1 Neuron (axon) to the
next neuron (Dendrit)

 STIMULUS
o SENSORIS STIMULUS
- Exteroceptif
- Interoceptif
- Proprioceptif
o MOTORIS STIMULUS

Fast Stimulus 10 – 120 m/second

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INTRODUCTION 4
 Development of ENCEPHALON

Prosencephalon
Telencephalon  CEREBRUM
Diencephalon  DIENCEPHALON

Mesencephalon  MESENCEPHALON

Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon  CEREBELLUM + PONS
Myelencephalon  MEDULLA OBLONGATA

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NEUROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
1. Clinical Diagnosis
2. Topical Diagnosis NEUROANATOMY

3. Ethiological Diagnosis

FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY

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Basic terminology in nervous system
In the CNS
 Gray matter : collection of
nerve cell bodies and their
dendrites, gray color during
fresh condition
 Cortex : the outermost layer
of gray matter in cerebrum
and cerebellum
 White matter : collection of
nerve fibers, white color
during fresh condition
 Medulla髓质: a central core of
white matter beneath cortex of
cerebrum and cerebellum
 Nucleus神经核: a collection
( group ) of cell bodies which
have the same shape and
function
 Fasciculus ( tract ): a
bundle of nerve fibers
which have the same
origin, termination,
pathway and function
 Reticular formation: an
admixture of cross-
crossing fibers with
larger or smaller groups
of nerve cells occupying
the meshes
In the PNS
 Ganglion : a
collection of neuronal
cell bodies outside the
CNS
 Nerve : a bundle of
nerve fibers held
together by connective
tissue sheath
 Neurons
• Dendrites: carry nerve impulses toward cell body
• Axon: carries impulses away from cell body
• Synapses: site of communication between neurons using chemical
neurotransmitters
• Myelin & myelin sheath: lipoprotein covering produced by glial cells
(e.g., Schwann cells in PNS) that increases axonal conduction velocity
• Demyelinating diseases: e.g., Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in CNS or
Guillain- Barré Syndrome in PNS
dendrites
cell
axon with
body
myelin sheath

Schwann
cell
synapses
Moore’s COA5 2006
 Sensory (Afferent) vs. Motor (Efferent)
sensory (afferent) nerve

(pseudo-) unipolar neurons conducting impulses e.g., skin

from sensory organs to the CNS

motor (efferent) nerve

e.g., muscle
multipolar neurons conducting impulses
from the CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands)
Gray’s Anatomy 38 1999
 Structure of Spinal Nerves: Somatic Pathways
dorsal root dorsal
dorsal root ganglion ramus
spinal
dorsal nerve somatic
horn sensory
nerve
CNS (GSA)
inter-
neuron
ventral ventral somatic
horn ramus motor
nerve
(GSE)
ventral root
white ramus
communicans
Mixed Spinal
sympathetic gray ramus
Nerve ganglion communicans
TOPICS
1. Introduction
2. Spinal Cord/ Medulla Spinalis
3. Truncus Cerebri /Brain Stem
4. Diencephalon
5. Cerebellum
6. Cerebrum
7. Nn. Craniales
8. Meninges
9. Ventricle System
10. Liquor Cerebrospinal (LCS)/CSF
11. Blood Supply
12. Stimulus
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REFERENCE
1. Anatomi Susunan Saraf Manusia by Sidharta & Dewanto\
2. Topical Diagnosis by Peter Duus
3. Clinical Neuroanatomy by Richard S.Snell

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