Standard flat belts and pulleys are not widely used as they

tend to slip.
• A typical Vee belt application, note the various pulley diameters
used to provide different drill speeds.
• Less Slippage than flat belt

Application Pillar Drill (woodwork) and car Fan belt

• If more precise timing is required with no slip, manufacturers
resort to this rack type belt due to its ease of maintenance and
quiet running-

• Application; timing belts of some cars.

• Used when power with out slippage is required

• Application; bicycles, and timing chains in some cars.

• Spur gears are the most common type of gears. They have straight teeth, and are
mounted on parallel shafts.
• These gears can only mesh correctly if they are fitted to parallel axles.
 Spur gears are used in many devices that you can see all over
windup alarm clock, But you won't find many in your car.

 This is because the spur gear can be really loud. Each time a
gear tooth engages a tooth on the other gear, the teeth
collide, and this impact makes a noise. It also increases the
stress on the gear teeth.

 To reduce the noise and stress in the gears, most of the gears
in your car are helical.
 The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear. When
two teeth on a helical gear system engage, the contact starts at one end of
the tooth and gradually spreads as the gears rotate, until the two teeth are in
full engagement. This allows for a strong continuous smooth drive.

Helical gears are used in almost all car transmissions (Gearbox).

 This type of gear System
is known as a:
Compound Gear Train

An ‘idler’ gear is another important gear. In the example

opposite gear ‘A’ turns in an anticlockwise direction and also
gear ‘C’ turns in an anticlockwise direction.
The ‘idler’ gear is used so that the rotation of
the two important gears is the same.
 A compound gear train is a gearing system
that uses more than one pair of gears
combined together on a common axis.
 The gear ratios for each individual gear pair
are multiplied together to compute the
overall gear ratio for the gear train.
 This allows the operator to devise any desired
gear ratio and can be of significant advantage
where large speed reductions are required.
The rack and pinion gear is used to convert between rotary and linear motion. Often
the pinion rotates in a fixed position and the rack is free to move - this
arrangement is used in the steering mechanism of most cars. Alternatively, the rack
may be fixed and the pinion rotates moving up and down the rack.

This can be seen on the pillars drills in the workshop and the carriage of the centre
lathe
If the axles are skewed, that is, non-intersecting, then a worm gear can be used. This
is a gear that resembles a screw, with parallel helical teeth, and mates with a normal
spur gear. The worm gear can achieve a higher gear ratio than spur gears of a
comparable size. A worm gear can be found in a dividing head
• Where two axles cross at point and engage by means of a pair of
conical gears, the gears themselves are referred to as bevel gears.
• These gears enable a change in the axes of rotation of the
respective shafts, commonly 90°.
• A set of four bevel gears in a square make a differential gear, which
can transmit power to two axles spinning at different speeds,
 The cam is in most cases merely a flat piece of metal that has had an unusual
shape or profile machined onto it.
 As the cam rotates it is the profile or shape of the cam that causes the follower to
move in a particular way.

 Application; Camshaft in an engine

Used to transmit rotary motion between two shafts that are not in
line
Application engine to axle in lorries.
 The ratchet is the toothed wheel and the pawl is the arm that locks
it in position.
 The purpose of the ratchet and pawl mechanism is to limit rotation
to one direction only.
 It is often used as a safety device to prevent reverse running of a
winch or as part of the wrench in a socket set.
Rotary motion to reciprocating motion
• The power hacksaw's main feature is its reciprocating frame. The
frame secures a heavy duty hacksaw blade who's reciprocating
action in combination with a downward force causes the material to
be cut.
 http://www.technologystudent.com/cams/cra
nk1.htm
 convert rotary motion into reciprocating
motion.
 As the disc rotates the black slide moves
forwards and backwards.
 example is the shaping machine.
 Pneumatic;
 Can be used near food, hydraulic oil will
contaminate food
 Aeronautical industry light weight

 Hydraulic is oil
 Often called hydraulic rams
 A single acting cylinder is a pneumatic output
device that requires compressed air to make
the piston move. If the air is removed the
piston will return.
 A double acting cylinder needs compressed air to
move the piston but will stay in this position if the
air is turned off. It needs air to return the piston to
its original position.
 This linkage is widely used as a clamping
mechanism, it is used in a ‘vice grips’ as it
holds very firmly and is quick to use.
The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction
and support radial and axial loads.
Advantages of roller bearings
• Roller bearings typically have higher load capacity than ball
bearings
• Gives a smoother drive
• Tapered roller bearings support both radial and axial loads.
 Ball thrust bearing system: allows an axial
load on a rotating shaft,
 Used in robotic control, transmission
systems, turntables, rotating stools, etc.
 A shuttle valve is a type of valve which allows
fluid to flow through it from one of two
sources.
 Generally a shuttle valve is used in pneumatic
systems, although sometimes it will be found
in hydraulic systems.
 Function of a Non-Return Valve is to prevent the
reverse flow of fluid in case of failure or sudden shut-
down of Piping System.
 Pneumatically control valves are valves that
control the flow of pressurised air
 Question 8. 2009

(a)
Name any one of the mechanisms shown and describe a
suitable application.

(b)
Explain any three of the following:
(i) The advantages of helical gears;
(ii) One method of preventing slip in a pulley-belt system;
(iii) Crank and slider mechanism;
(iv) Integrated circuit;
(v) Solenoid.

(c)
Describe, with the aid of suitable diagrams,
a mechanism to activate a rotating jewellery display
as shown.
 Question 8. 2008

(a)
Name and outline a suitable application for one of the
mechanisms shown.

(b)
Explain the function of any three of the following:
(i) Electrical relay;
(ii) Clutch;
(iii) Shuttle valve;
(iv) Rack and pinion;
(v) Capacitor.

(c)
Describe, with the aid of appropriate diagrams, a
mechanised system that will safely elevate heavy loads.
 Question 8. 2007
(a)
Name any one of the mechanisms shown and describe a
suitable application:

(b)
Explain the function of any three of the following:
(i) Idler gears;
(ii) Universal joint;
(iii) Solenoid;
(iv) Pneumatic flow regulator;
(v) Solar panel.

(c)
Describe, with the aid of a diagram, a mechanism that
could be used to automatically open a door.
 Question 8. 2006

(a)
Describe the operation and outline a suitable application
for one of the mechanisms shown.

(b)
Answer any three of the following:
(i) Explain the function of a compound gear train;
(ii) State one advantage of using gears over pulleys;
(iii) Outline the function of an idler gear;
(v) Describe two applications of a rack and pinion
mechanism.
(iv) Differentiate between bevel gears and worm gears;

(c)
Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the principle of
operation of a power hacksaw.