CITY AND METROPOLITAN PLANNING

Sir Patrick Geddes

Indore
Bombay
 Sir Patrick Geddes
• Father of modern town planning
• First to link sociological concepts into town planning
• “Survey before plan” i.e. diagnosis before treatment

• Sir Patrick Geddes has classified cities as primary,

secondary and tertiary.
• The primary town is one which produces human
necessities such as agricultural village.
• The secondary town is one which functions as entry of
exchange such as marketing town.
• The tertiary town is one which provides residential,
educational and recreational facilities
 Sir Patrick Geddes
• Sir Patrick Geddes has classified cities as primary,
secondary and tertiary.
• The primary town is one which produces human
necessities such as agricultural village.
• The secondary town is one which functions as entry of
exchange such as marketing town.
 Sir Patrick Geddes
• 1854-1932
• Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist
and pioneering town planner
• He introduced the concept of “region”
to architecture and planning and coined the term
“conurbation”.
• Books: Cities in Evolution, The Civic Survey of Edinburg,
Civics as Applied Sociology
Sir Patrick Geddes: Quotes
• “This is a green world, with animals comparatively few and small,
and all dependent on the leaves. By leaves we live. Some people
have strange ideas that they live by money. They think energy is
generated by the circulation of coins. Whereas the world is mainly
a vast leaf colony, growing on and forming a leafy soil, not a mere
mineral mass: and we live not by the jingling of our coins, but by
the fullness of our harvests.”

• It is interesting sometimes to stop and think and wonder what the

place you are currently at used to be like in times past, who
walked there, who worked there and what the walls have seen.
 Sir Patrick Geddes
• Geddes championed a mode of planning that sought to
consider “primary human needs” in every intervention,
engaging in “constructive and conservative
surgery” rather than the “heroic, all of a piece
schemes" popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries.
 Sir Patrick Geddes
Geddian Trio Representation

• In this theory, the family is viewed as

the central "biological unit of human
society“ from which all else
develops.

• And a city to be healthy, we need

to provide healthy environment
and amenities so that it grows
in a inclusive manner.
Sir Patrick Geddes
Geddes’ Valley Section

Geddes illustrated the section using the locally available landscapes of

Edinburgh and its hinterland
 Sir Patrick Geddes
Region
• Geddes first published his idea of the valley section in
1909 to illustrate his idea of the 'region-city'.
• The region is expressed in the city and the city spreads
influence of the highest level into the region.
• To put it another way, Geddes said that "it takes a
whole region to make the city”.
 Sir Patrick Geddes
Conurbation
• A conurbation is a region comprising a number
of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that,
through population growth and physical expansion,
have merged to form one continuous urban and
industrially developed area.
• In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urban
agglomeration, in which transportation has
developed to link areas to create a single
urban labour market or travel to work area.
 Sir Patrick Geddes
Conurbation
 Sir Patrick Geddes
Planing of Tel Aviv:
• Pedestrian friendly
• a sense of community and civic life was encouraged
through the use of town squares and abundant
planting of greenery provided significant focus on a
minimal environmental footprint.
• Private automobile traffic was minimised
 Sir Patrick Geddes
Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915
• Preservation of human life and energy, rather than
superficial beautification.
• Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out
in stages.
• Purchasing land suitable for building.
• Promoting trade and commerce.
• Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious
significance.
• Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation
of European cities.
• Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all
residents, rather than focusing on roads and parks
available only to the rich.
• Control over future growth with adequate provision for
future requirements.
 Lewis Mumford
The Last of the Great Humanists
 Lewis Mumford
• 1895-1990
• Historian-Writer, architectural critic,
theorist of technology, cultural critic,
biographer
• Highly influenced by Patrick Geddes
Lewis Mumford
 Lewis Mumford
• Critical of urban sprawl
• The structure of modern cities is partially responsible for
many social problems.
• Urban planning should emphasize an organic relationship
between people and their living spaces.

• “Cities have some of the human attributes of personality.

That they show character, moods, visible gestures of
welcoming or rejecting is something that men have know
almost since they began to live in cities.”
 Lewis Mumford: Quotes
• Our national flower is the concrete cloverleaf.
• A certain amount of opposition is a great help to a man.
Kites rise against, not with, the wind.
• New York is the perfect model of a city, not the model of a
perfect city.
• Restore human legs as a means of travel. Pedestrians rely
on food for fuel and need no special parking facilities.
• Forget the damned motor car and build the cities for
lovers and friends.
 Classification of Cities
Lewis Mumford has given six categories which are as
follows:

• Eopolis,
• Polis,
• Metropolis(Mother city)
• Megalopolis,
• Tyrannopolis and
• Necropolis
 Classification of Cities
1. Eopolis
Here, town grows as one entire unit.
Its economy is based on agriculture.

2. Polis
Here town grows into a small urban unit of self
contained community.
It has a commerce and industry, etc.

3. Metropolis(Mother city)
Here, the city grows to its full stature, with high
population density and large potentialities, with all
facilities like water supply, drainage, electricity,
transport, commerce and industries etc.
(London, Bombay and Calcutta,etc)
 Classification of Cities
4. Megalopolis
It is an over grown city into a mess due to growing
expansion of industries, high rise buildings, multi
track roads, mass housing, mass transportation.
In its overgrown nature, lie the germs of its decay
which begin to creep in all the portion of the city.

5. Tyrannopolis
The city shows further decay in all the fields like
trade, commerce, military power etc.

6. Necropolis
The city in the worst stage and unfit for dwelling.
So, it is the city of dead where one finds disease,
famine, economic breakdown, etc.
(Persepolis, Babylon etc)
 Lewis Mumford: Quotes
Organic Humanism
In his book The Condition of Man, published in 1944,
Mumford characterized his orientation toward the study of
humanity as "organic humanism”.

Organic Humanism
The term is an important one because it sets limits on
human possibilities, limits that are aligned with the nature
of the human body.

Mumford never forgot the importance of air quality, of

food availability, of the quality of water, or the comfort of
spaces, because all these things had to be respected if
people were to thrive.
 Lewis Mumford:
• In 1958 Moses threatened to build a four-lane highway
through Washington Square and Mumford opposed
him. Koch said Mumford was a deciding factor.

Food for thought:

• He asks the eternal question. Why had technological
progress brought with it such catastrophic ruin? Was
the modern association of power and productivity
with mass violence and destructiveness merely
coincidental?
 Lewis Mumford:
• Computer is merely another overrated tool,
vastly inferior to the human brain; in the
wrong hands, however, an extraordinarily
dangerous one.
 Johann Heinrich von Thünen: 1783-
1850
• Thünen's model: the black dot represents a city; 1
(white) dairy and market gardening; 2 (green) forest
for fuel; 3 (yellow) grains and field crops; 4 (red)
ranching; the outer, dark green area represents
wilderness where agriculture is not profitable
Ernest Watson Burgess
 Ernest Watson Burgess
• Canadian-American Urban Sociologist

• Introduction to the Science of Sociology (Park &

Burgess, 1921): This was one of the most influential
sociology texts ever written. Many people at the time
referred to this book as the “Bible of Sociology”

• Unit-weighted regression model- Criminology:

predicting the success or failure of inmates on parole

• Predicting Success or Failure in Marriage:

Ernest Burgess was never married.

• Ernest Burgess also studied elderly people, especially

the effects of retirement.
Ernest Watson Burgess
 Ernest Watson Burgess
• The Concentric Zone model is a model of the internal
structure of cities in which social groups are spatially
arranged in a series of rings. The Concentric Zone
model was the first to explain the distribution of
different social groups within urban areas.

• It was originally based off Chicago

• The city grows outward from a central area in a series

of rings. The size of the rings may vary, but the order
always remains the same.

• The social structure extends outwards from the central

business district, meaning that the lower classes live
closer to the city center, while the upper classes live
farther from the city center because they can afford
the commute.
 Ernest Watson Burgess
• Also, as you get further away from the city density
decreases. The rent tends to increase as you get further
away from the CBD and residents are more likely to
rent near the center.

• An important feature of this model is the positive

correlation of socio-economic status of households
with distance from the CBD — more affluent
households were observed to live at greater distances
from the central city.

• Burgess described the changing spatial patterns of

residential areas as a process of "invasion" and
"succession".
 Ernest Watson Burgess
Concentric Zone Model
1) Central Business District (CBD)-

• This area of the city is a non-residential area and it’s

where businesses are. This area is called downtown
in the U.S. and city center in Europe.

• This area has a developed transportation system to

accommodate commuters coming into the CBD.
Also, due to the high land cost in this area, a lot of
sky scrapers are built in order to take full advantage
of that land.

• Most government institutions, businesses, stadiums,

and restaurants chose this area to build on due to its
accessibility.
 Ernest Watson Burgess
Concentric Zone Model

2) Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains

industry and has poorer-quality housing available.
Immigrants, as well as single individuals, tend to live in
this area in small dwelling units, frequently created by
subdividing larger houses into apartments. Most people
in this area rent.

3) Zone of the working class- This area contains modest

older houses occupied by stable, working class families.
A large percentage of the people in this area rent.
 Ernest Watson Burgess
Concentric Zone Model

4) Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer

and more spacious houses. Mostly families in the middle-
class live in this zone. There are a lot of condominiums in
this area and residents are less likely to rent.

5) Commuter’s Zone- This area is located beyond the

build-up area of the city. Mostly upper class residents live
in this area. This area is also known as the suburbs in the
United States.
• Bid Rent Curve
Homer Hoyt
 Homer Hoyt
• Homer Hoyt (1895–1984) was a land economist, a real

estate appraiser, and a real estate consultant.

• He conducted path-breaking research on land

economics, developed an influential approach to the

analysis of neighborhood and housing markets, refined

local area economic analysis, and was a major figure in

the development of suburban shopping centers in the

decades after World War II.

Sector Model: Homer Hoyt
Sector Model: Homer Hoyt
• Theory of urban structure also known as Hoyt Model
• Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt
• States that a city develops in sectors, not rings
• Certain areas are more attractive for different activities
because of an environmental factor or by mere
chance.
 Sector Model: Homer Hoyt
• Hoyt modified the concentric zone model to account
for major transportation routes according to this model
most major cities evolved around the nexus of several
important transport facilities such as railroads, sea ports,
and trolly lines that eliminated from the city's center.
• Hoyt theorized that cities would tend to grow in wedge-
shaped patterns, or sectors, eliminating from the CBD
and centered on major transportation routes.
• His sector model of land use remains one of his most
well-known contributions to urban scholarship.
Multi Nuclei Model

C. D Harris Edward L. Ullman

Multi Nuclei Model
Multi Nuclei Model
The ‘Multiple Nuclei Model’ was given by C.D
Harris and Edward L. Ullman in 1945. It was
written on a article named ‘The Nature of
Cities’.

Basic Concept:
It says that even though a city may have
began with a Central Business District, other
smaller CBD's develop on the outskirts of the
city near the more valuable housing areas to
allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of
the city. This creates nodes or nuclei in other
parts of the city besides the CBD hence the
name multiple nuclei model.
Multi Nuclei Model
• The theory is based upon the notion that the
cities have an essentially cellular structure, in
which distinctive types of land use have
developed around certain growing points, or
“nuclei” within the urban area.

• These special nuclei would develop

according to specific requirements of
certain activities, rent-paying abilities and
tendency of certain economic activities to
cluster together.
To be continued…