MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENT METHODS

Quality Consideration

• Turbidity

• Color

• Odor

• Taste

• Dissolved Oxygen

• pH

• Temperature
Chlorination is one of many methods that can be used to
disinfect water. This method was first used over a century
ago, and is still used today. It is a chemical disinfection
method that uses various types of chlorine or chlorine-
containing substances for the oxidation and disinfection of
what will be the potable water source.
A large amount of research and many studies have been
conducted to ensure success in new treatment plants using
chlorine as a disinfectant. A leading advantage of chlorination is
that it has proven effective against bacteria and viruses;
however, it cannot inactivate all microbes. Some protozoan
cysts are resistant to the effects of chlorine.
Chlorine inactivates a microorganism by damaging its cell membrane.
Once the cell membrane is weakened, the chlorine can enter the cell
and disrupt cell respiration and DNA activity (two processes that are
necessary for cell survival).
Chlorine Gas
Chlorine gas is greenish yellow in color and heavier than air. Its high toxicity makes it an excellent
disinfectant for water but also a hazard to humans who handle it. Chlorine gas, of course, is a deadly
weapon when used in chemical warfare. It is a respiratory irritant and can irritate skin and mucous
membranes and can cause death with sufficient exposure. Because of chemical changes that occur
when it is introduced into water, chlorine gas is no more toxic to humans when used to treat drinking
water than other forms of chlorine.

Calcium Hypochlorite
Calcium hypochlorite is manufactured from chlorine gas. It is best known as chlorine pellets and
granules in residential water treatment. It is a white solid with a very pungent odor and it can create
enough heat to explode, so it must not be stored near wood, cloth or petroleum products. Calcium
hypochlorite increases the pH of the water being treated.
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite is a chlorine-containing compound most easily recognized as household
bleach. It is a light yellow liquid that has a relatively short shelf life. It is the easiest to handle of all
the types of chlorine. Sodium hypochlorite also increases the pH of the water being treated. A lower
concentration of chlorine in this form is needed to treat water than with calcium hypochlorite or
chlorine gas.
In filtration tank water passes through different layers of sand and gravel as shown in the above figure
this is for adsorption of impurities.
The clear water reaches a chlorinated tank where water is mixed with bleaching powder/chlorine to kill
bacteria and then supplied to houses.
 Aeration

Is a process of bringing water in intimate contact with air, so as to absorb oxygen and
remove carbon dioxide
 Objectives:
• To remove taste and odor caused by gases due to decomposition

• To increase dissolved oxygen content

• To remove hydrogen sulfide

• Decrease carbon dioxide and raise pH value

• To remove minerals such as iron and manganese

• Due to agitation bacteria may get killed

TYPES OF AERATORS
Water desalination processes separate dissolved salts and other minerals from water. Feedwater
sources may include brackish, seawater, wells, surface (rivers and streams), wastewater, and
industrial feed and process waters. Membrane separation requires driving forces including pressure
(applied and vapor), electric potential, and concentration to overcome natural osmotic pressures and
effectively force water through membrane processes. As such, the technology is energy intensive and
research is continually evolving to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
1.Seawater Intake System
This seawater intake system is to deliver sea water into SWRO plant. There are different kinds of intake
methods based on hydrology water quality in the intake area, geology conditions, meteorological data and
natural disaster, such as Beach Well Intake, Subsurface Water Intake, and Open Sea Water Intake, etc.

2.Pre-treatment System
Inorganic suspended solids, sand, oil, clays, bacteria, and dissolved organic matters are susceptible to foul the
reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Required to conduct a good-quality pre-treatment process plays an
important role in the operation of a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant, in order to prevent the fouling of
RO membrane. Usually using pre-filters, including multi-media filter, activated filter, 10um and 5um precision
security filters.
3.Seawater Desalination RO System
RO system uses the semi-permeable membrane to remove organic material, colloidal particles, a bacterium
from the feed water, producing desalinated fresh water. The semi-permeable membrane separates water and
salt solution, water would permeate for the salt solution side under the osmotic pressure. If certain pressure
larger than osmotic pressure is applied to the salt solution, water would permeate in the opposite direction.
This phenomenon is called reverse osmosis. RO permeate is purified, removing 98% TDS from the feed water.
RO brine is concentrated with TDS about two times of the feed water.

4.Energy Recovery System

The function of Energy recovery device is to reduce energy consumption and cost by recycling and reusing
the pressure energy from RO system high pressure concentrated seawater. Energy Recovery Device (ERD) is
the key to energy-saving in the operation of any seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination products, in
which PX Pressure Exchanger device is the most efficient solution available today and can reduce the energy
consumption of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) systems by up to 60 percent.
5.Chemical Dosing System
The chemical dosing system is a very important part of the whole water treatment system, including the
coagulant and bactericide dosing device in the pretreatment, anti-scalant and reductant dosing device before
the 1st level RO, and the pH adjustment dosing before 2nd RO system. Each dosing device consists of a
chemical tank, a dosing pump and dosing pipes. All dosing devices are well designed and centrally installed for
reliable and easy operation, supervision, cleaning and maintenance.
6.CIP Cleaning System
With the better design for pre-treatment of RO device, it is no need to frequently clean membrane element.
However, no matter how perfect the pre-treatment design is, there will be various kinds of pollutants forming at
the surface of the membrane to some extent in long-term operation process, which degrade membrane
performance and raise the pressure difference between inlet and outlet. Therefore, except for the low-pressure
flushing, it is requested to remove the dirt at the surface of RO membrane by chemical cleaning regularly, as
well as disinfection. Cleaning device consists of a cleaning tank, cleaning pump, and cleaning the filter.

7.PLC Controlling System

Utilize integrated performance-testing software to conduct innovative industrial PLC control, which ensures to
conduct online remote monitoring for process meters and system performance and enables to remote notify
users of system faults and maintenance request in details.
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