Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting

Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks

Ultra-high-speed all-optical networking technologies

for next generation networking

Mikio Yagi, Shiro Ryu (1), and Shoichiro Asano (2)

1: Information and Communication Labs., Japan Telecom Co., Ltd.

2: National Institute of Informatics

September 29, 2004

 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Agenda

• Future network features and applications

• Key technologies and issues for realization of all-optical network

• Our recent activities

– Field trial 1 : Application of all-optical regeneration system
– Field trial 2 : Application of automatic chromatic dispersion
compensator

• Conclusion

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Future network features and applications
 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Network applications for world-wide high-speed network

• GRID computing • Space and astronomical science

• Genome information analysis • IT-Based Laboratory (ITBL)
• High energy and nuclear fusion • Storage area network (SAN)
research

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

What is needed for future network ?

Global GRID computing

Task

Result

• Communication style
• High capacity • Bit-rate free
– Human to human • Short delay • Protocol free
– Human to computer • High security • Network topology free
– Computer to computer • On demand
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Current network : IP-based Network “PRISM”

PRISM: Progressive Revolutionary Integration on Service Media

IP based client

Customer
router
GSR
10G POS ring DWDM
using MPLS

IP based client Electrical processing equipments

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Future network: All-optical network

Any client signal

PXC
PXC PXC IP router
Photonic
crossconnect

DWDM
DWDM
Mesh
PXC Network
PXC PXC

Any client signal Interwork All-optical processing equipments

GMPLS:
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Features of all-optical network

Protocol free High speed / High capacity

Bit-rate free Short transmission delay time

Topology free High security

On demand

These functions are essential for the future network applications.

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Key technologies and issues for realization of the
all-optical network
 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Key technologies for the future network (1)

• Physical layer

• Control plane

• Others
– Transport layer
– Management
– Service application

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Key technologies for the future network (2) : Physical layer

• Switching technologies on repeater node

– Optical crossconnect (OXC)/Photonic crossconnect (PXC)
• High-speed Switching
– Link aggregation 3 Dimension Micro Electro
– Optical add/drop multiplexing (OADM) Mechanical Systems (3D MEMS)
– Optical queuing
Micro Optical
mirror Signal
• All-optical signal processing technologies Optical
array Fiber
Signal
– All-optical regeneration array
Fiber
• 2R regeneration (regeneration and reshaping)
array
• 3R regeneration (regeneration, reshaping, and retiming) Micro mirror
– Optical wavelength conversion (MEMS
mirror)
– Compensation of fiber parameter effect (Chromatic dispersion /
Polarization-mode dispersion)

• Optical signal quality measurement technology

1㎜

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Key technologies for the future network (3) : Physical layer

• Switching technologies on repeater node

– Optical cross connect (OXC)/Photonic cross connect (PXC)
• High speed Switching
– Link aggregation
– Optical add/drop multiplexing (OADM)
– Optical queuing

• All-optical signal processing technologies

– All-optical regeneration
• 2R regeneration (regeneration and reshaping)
• 3R regeneration (regeneration, reshaping, and retiming)
– Optical wavelength conversion
– Compensation of fiber parameter effect (Chromatic dispersion /
Polarization-mode dispersion)

• Optical signal quality measurement technology

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

What’s problem on physical layer ?

In the future all-optical network

– The route of the path changes dynamically

• Network protection/restoration
• Reconfiguration of peer-to-peer wavelength
path service

Fiber parameters along the path are changed after reconfiguration.

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Fiber parameters cause signal degradation

40Gbit/s data signal
40Gbit/s data signal receiver
transmitter

Compensation
distortion
of signal
Y

X
Y
X
Y

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Polarization-mode Chromatic dispersion

dispersion
(CD)
(PMD) 14
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Compensation technologies on each effect

X
Y
X
Y

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Polarization-mode Chromatic dispersion

dispersion
(CD)
(PMD)

All-optical signal regeneration

• All-optical 2R regeneration PMD compensator CD compensator
• All-optical 3R regeneration
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Key technologies for the future network (4) : Physical layer

• Switching technologies on repeater node

– Optical crossconnect (OXC)/Photonic crossconnect (PXC)
• High-speed Switching
– Link aggregation
– Optical add/drop multiplexing (OADM)
– Optical queuing

• All-optical signal processing technologies

– All-optical regeneration
• 2R regeneration (regeneration and reshaping)
• 3R regeneration (regeneration, reshaping, and retiming)
– Optical wavelength conversion
– Compensation of fiber parameter effect (Chromatic dispersion /
Polarization-mode dispersion)

• Optical signal quality measurement technology

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Key technologies for the future network (5) : Control plane

• Generalized MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)

– Control and signaling mechanisms of MPLS label path have been extended in
order to apply those mechanisms to not only label paths, but also SONET/SDH
paths, lambda paths and etc.
• MPLS is the set of extensions to OSPF, IS-IS, and RSVP to support the routing of
paths (aka traffic engineering)
• MPlS is a concept that says the MPLS control plane can be leveraged to support
routing of lambda paths
• GMPLS is the realization of the MPlS concept, created by extended MPLS to support
non-packet paths (l’s, time-slots, fibers)

GMPLS

λ（Lambda） MPLS SONET/SDH

+Label Label Path
Fiber
IP Etc.
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Key technologies for the future network (6)

• Physical layer

• Control plane

• Others
– Transport layer
– Management
– Service application

There are a lot of issues to resolve for realization of the all-optical network.

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Our recent activities
 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Super SINET project

Super SINET is an ultrahigh-speed network intended to develop and

promote Japanese academic researches by strengthening collaboration
among leading academic research institutes.

• High energy and nuclear fusion

• Space and astronomical science
• Genome information analysis (bio-
informatics)
• Supercomputer-interlocking
distributed computing (GRID)
• Nanotechnology

http://www.sinet.ad.jp/english/super_sinet.html
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Our challenge

• For realization of future ultra-high-speed all-optical network

– Physical layer
• Field trials
– Application of all-optical 2R regeneration system
– Application of automatic chromatic dispersion compensation
system
– Control plane
– Service application

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Field trial 1:
Application of all-optical 2R regeneration system
 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

How can all-optical 2R regeneration be realized?

• 2R regeneration : Input signal

– regeneration and reshaping Noise of
level 1
Amplified
amplitude

Noise of level 0

Input vs output characteristic of an

optical device that has non-linear effect

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

How can all-optical 2R regeneration be realized? (Cont.)

Optical device
• 2R regeneration : Output signal OUT
– regeneration and reshaping
Amplified
amplitude

Input Optical
device Output
IN
Noise
suppression Noise of
level 1

Input signal
Noise of level 0
An electro-absorption
modulator (EAM) has the effect
of noise suppression.
Input vs output characteristic of an
optical device that has non-linear effect

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Research background

• The optical signal quality is degraded by the loss of the OADM system.
• The OADM system causes the signal quality degradation for the
through signal at the destination.

Optical add/drop multiplexing (OADM)

WDM

WDM
WDM

WDM

WDM

WDM
WDM

WDM

WDM

WDM

It is necessary to compensate for the degradation.

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Research background (Cont.)

• The optical signal quality is degraded by the loss of the OADM system.
• The OADM system causes the signal quality degradation for the
through signal at the destination.

WDM

WDM
WDM

WDM

WDM

WDM
WDM

WDM

2R regeneration
WDM

WDM
system

It is necessary to compensate for the degradation.

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Research background (Cont.)

WDM

WDM
WDM

WDM

WDM

WDM
WDM

WDM
2R regeneration

WDM

WDM
system

• This experiment
– 40-Gbit/s 12-channel WDM field trial using an installed 320-
km-long fiber.
– Applied OADM system with an all-optical 2R regeneration
system.
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Location and cable for the 2R system field trial in Tokyo area

National Institute of Tokyo Station Shinjuku Station

Informatics (NII) Building

4.5-km-long installed 11.7-km-long installed

fiber cable fiber cable

Total fiber length : 80 km x 4 spans = 320 km

Fiber type : SMF

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Our transmission system

40-Gbit/s receiver Bit-error rate tester 40-Gbit/s transmitter Repeater

(Performance evaluation)
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Performance evaluation : Q-factor

on

off
Histogram
m1 - m0
Q=
s1 + s0
Q=20dB :: BER= 8×10-24
m1: ON level average value
Q=17dB :: BER= 1×10-12
s1: ON level noise standard deviation
m0: OFF level average value
s0: OFF level noise standard deviation Q-factor ++ Transmission quality ++
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Performance evaluation cases

2R regeneration
system 3

WDM

WDM
2

1. Dropped at 160-km by the OADM ; “Dropped at 160km”

2. 320-km transmission without 2R; “320km w/o 2R”
3. 320-km transmission with 2R: “320km with 2R.”

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Result of 320-km transmission with OADM / 2R system

2R regeneration
system 3

WDM

WDM
2

1
Q-factor: 16.9dB
Q-factor: 18.8dB

0.8dB
improvement
1.9dB
degradation
Q-factor: 17.7dB

Dropped at 160-km 320-km w/o 2R

320-km with 2R 32
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Discussion

• OADM system with/without 2R regeneration system

– 0.8-dB improvement over 320-km transmission with 2R
– Nearly the same as the quality of the signal dropped at 160-km.

• From a point of view of the system design,

– It is preferable that transmission characteristics of the express
channel and the dropped channel are equal.

We have confirmed that the all-optical 2R system has the

possibility to realize such a condition in an OADM system.

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Field trial 2:
Application of automatic chromatic dispersion compensator
 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Influence of chromatic dispersion

40Gbit/s data signal
40Gbit/s data signal Receiver
Transmitter

Compensation
of signal
quality
• When the wavelength path is dynamically
reconfigured, accumulated physical parameters
including chromatic dispersion (CD) are changed.
– CD is one of the most important parameters
for the system over 40 Gbit/s.

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Influence of chromatic dispersion (Cont.)

40Gbit/s data signal
40Gbit/s data signal receiver
transmitter

Compensation
of signal
quality
Tunable chromatic dispersion compensator
- Chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) -

Input llong lshort

Output

z
llong Group delay small  z Index of reflection
lshort Group delay large

Reflect point of input signal depends on wavelength. It

causes the difference of group delay.
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Automatic chromatic dispersion compensator

40Gbit/s data signal
40Gbit/s data signal receiver
transmitter

Automatic
chromatic
dispersion
compensator

Input Tunable chromatic Output

dispersion
compensator

Signal quality monitoring

Device controller
(Q-factor, Bit-error rate)

Hill-climbing method

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Performance evaluation

• Rerouting operation
− GMPLS signaling
− Operation of automatic chromatic dispersion compensator

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Sequence of path setup and operation of automatic chromatic

dispersion compensator
1. Service request
Data plane

Automatic
chromatic
dispersion

l-DEMUX
PXC compensator
l-MUX

PXC

40-Gbit/s
receiver

2. Path setup GMPLS Control plane

1. Path Setup
Service plane Request
4. Service in
1. Service request
GMPLS control plane
2. RSVP - PATH ( Path setup )
3. RSVP - RESV

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Sequence of path setup and operation of automatic chromatic

dispersion compensator
1. Service request
Data plane

Automatic
chromatic
dispersion

l-DEMUX
PXC compensator
l-MUX

PXC

40-Gbit/s
receiver

2. Path setup GMPLS Control plane

1. Path Setup
Service plane Request
4. Service in
1. Service request
GMPLS control plane
2. RSVP - PATH ( Path setup )
3. RSVP - RESV

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Experimental result
Variation of Q-factor in case of network protection operation

• Network protection operation by switching a line between Line1 and Line 2 at

second span in every 10 minute.

20.0

18.0

16.0

14.0
Q-factor [dB]

12.0

10.0
Recovery time : 40 sec
8.0

6.0
Line2 Line2 Line2 Line2
4.0
Line1 Line1 Line1 Line1
2.0

0.0
0:00 0:10 0:20 0:30 0:40 0:50 1:00 1:10 1:20 1:30
Time [hour:min.]
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Efforts to improve the time for CD compensation
- GMPLS multilayer integration –
 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Make the CD compensation operation faster

40Gbit/s data signal
40Gbit/s data signal receiver
transmitter
Automatic
chromatic
dispersion
compensator

Quality measurement Input Tunable chromatic Output

(Q-factor, BER) takes dispersion
long time ( ~ 40 sec). compensator

Signal quality monitoring

Device controller
Measurement of CD (Q-factor, Bit-error rate)
makes path setup faster
Hill-climbing method

The multilayer integration among a GMPLS control plane, a measurement

plane, and a data plane is essential.
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Sequence of the multilayer integration

1. Service request
Chromatic Data plane Chromatic
dispersion dispersion
analyzer analyzer
(transmitter) (receiver)
Chromatic

l-DEMUX
dispersion
PXC
l-MUX

PXC compensator
40-Gbit/s
receiver
PXC

2. Path setup GMPLS Control plane

1. Path Setup
Service plane Request
1. Service request
GMPLS control plane
2. RSVP - PATH ( Path setup )
3. RSVP - RESV
Measurement plane

Data plane

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Sequence of the multilayer integration

Chromatic Data plane Chromatic

dispersion dispersion
analyzer analyzer
(transmitter) (receiver)
Chromatic

l-DEMUX
dispersion
PXC
l-MUX

PXC compensator
40-Gbit/s
receiver
PXC

GMPLS Control plane

1. Path Setup
Service plane Request
1. Service request
GMPLS control plane
2. RSVP - PATH ( Path setup )
3. RSVP - RESV
Measurement plane
4. Data plane setup
5. CD measurement
Data plane

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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Sequence of the multilayer integration

Chromatic Data plane Chromatic

dispersion dispersion
analyzer analyzer
(transmitter) (receiver)
CD value
Chromatic

l-DEMUX
dispersion
PXC
l-MUX

PXC compensator
40-Gbit/s
receiver
PXC

GMPLS Control plane

1. Path Setup
Service plane Request
1. Service request 8. Service in
GMPLS control plane
2. RSVP - PATH ( Path setup )
3. RSVP - RESV
Measurement plane
4. Data plane setup
5. CD measurement
Data plane 6. Receive the measured CD value
7. Set the value to CD compensator
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Location and experimental setup of field trial in Kyusyu area

Data plane Chromatic

Chromatic Third span
dispersion dispersion
analyzer First span (31-km NZDSF) analyzer
(transmitter) (66-km NZDSF) Second span SC-DCF
SC-DCF (receiver)
SC-DCF
Route 1 VOA Optical
SC-DCF amplifier Chromatic
(35-km SMF)
dispersion

l-DEMUX
PXC PXC compensator
l-MUX

Route 2
Optical (35-km NZDSF)
amplifier Optical 40-Gbit/s
SC-DCF amplifier receiver

Route 3 PXC Route 3

(66-km NZDSF) (31-km NZDSF)
40-Gbit/s, 24-channel
WDM transmitters
GMPLS GMPLS
GMPLS GMPLS
GMPLS controller controller
controller controller
controller
GMPLS control plane

Kyushu Yame Fukuoka Tosu Kyushu

University Station Station Station University
SC-DCF: Slope-compensating dispersion compensation fiber , PXC: Photonic cross-connect
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 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

Error count v.s. time in rerouting operation

10
R1 : Route 1
8 R2 : Route 2
Error count
R3 : Route 3
6
4
R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
2
0
00:00 10:00 20:00 30:00
Time [min : sec]
Fig.a : Error count v.s. time in rerouting operation.
10
8
Error count

6
4
8.4 sec
2
0
28:00 28:10 28:20 28:30
Time [ min : sec]
Fig.b : Error count v.s. time in rerouting operation (details).
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Discussion

• A field trial of GMPLS multilayer integration among a GMPLS control

plane, a measurement plane, and a data plane for ensuring the
quality of a 40-Gbit/s wavelength path is effective for the GMPLS all-
optical rerouting

• The time for the start of the service after a fault was measured to be
about 8.4 seconds.

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Conclusion
 Internet2 Fall 2004 Member Meeting Extreme Networking: Experimental Ultra-High-Speed Networks 29/Sep./2004

What to do for the future network further ?

• Higher capacity switching

• Routing processing for large scale network
• Higher speed transmission system technologies (160 Gbit/s …..)
• Signal quality monitoring method based on all-optical processing
• Network security (data plane, control plane)

There are a lot of issues to resolve for realization

of the all-optical network.

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Future network applications

• GRID computing • Space and astronomical science

• Genome information analysis • IT-Based Laboratory (ITBL)
• High energy and nuclear fusion • Storage area network (SAN)
research

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Thank you for your kind attention !

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