CALORIFIC TEST FOR M 3

GASEOUS FUELS E
E
1
5
N 2
JOHN PHILLIP A. QUELIOPE
 WHAT IS GAS FUEL?

• Gaseous fuels are obtained either naturally or by

the treatment of solid or liquid fuels.
• Among naturally occurring gaseous fuels, natural
gas and liquefied petroleum gas are the most
important.
• These gases have high calorific value.
 CLASSIFICATION OF GAS FUELS

Manufactured
Natural Gas
From Coal
• Coal gas Gas
• Producer Gas
• Water gas
Coal Wood Gas
• Lurgi gas

From Petroleum
Petroleum Peat Gas
and Oil Shale

• Refinery Gas Acetylene

• OilBiogas
Gas

Hydrogen
 NATURAL GAS

• Natural gas is a naturally

occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting
primarily of methane, but commonly including
varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and
sometimes a small percentage of carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.

• It is formed when layers of decomposing plant

and animal matter are exposed to intense heat
and pressure under the surface of the Earth over
millions of years.
 PETROLEUM

• The liquefied petroleum gas are hydrocarbons (or

mixtures of hydrocarbons) that are gaseous at
normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, but
that can be stored in the liquid phase at
atmospheric temperature at relatively low
pressures.

• The main sources of LPG are natural gas, crude oil,

thermal and catalytic cracking, as well as thermal
reforming
 BIOGAS

• Biogas is obtained from

the decomposition of
organic matter by
bacteriological action in
closed digesters, in the
absence (or nearly)
oxygen. It requires a high
moisture content
 MANUFACTURED GAS

• Also known as artificial gas,

• The gas that was produced from coal, oil and coal
mixes or from other petroleum products.

• Common processes
• Coal Carbonization
• Carbureted Water Gas
• Oil Gas
 SYNTHETIC GAS

• Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture

consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
and very often some carbon dioxide. The name
comes from its use as intermediates in
creating synthetic natural gas (SNG) and for
producing ammonia or methanol.
• Syngas is usually a product of gasification and the
main application is electricity generation.
 PRODUCER GAS

• Producer gas, mixture of flammable gases

(principally carbon monoxide and hydrogen) and
nonflammable gases (mainly nitrogen and carbon
dioxide) made by the partial combustion of
carbonaceous substances, usually coal, in an
atmosphere of air and steam.
• Producer gas has lower heating value than other
gaseous fuels, but it can be manufactured with
relatively simple equipment; it is used mainly as a
fuel in large industrial furnaces.
 BLUE GAS OR WATER GAS

• Water gas is a mixture of carbon

monoxide and hydrogen produced from synthesis
gas. Synthesis gas is a useful product, but requires
careful handling due to its flammability and the risk
of carbon monoxide poisoning. The water-gas shift
reaction can be used to reduce the carbon
monoxide while producing additional hydrogen,
resulting in water gas.
 OIL GAS

• This is the gas formed by the thermal cracking of

crude oil. If oil is sprayed onto heated checker work
(refractory) it cracks to form lower gaseous
hydrocarbons. These depend entirely on the feed
stock but calorific values can increase to as much
as 25MJ/m3 but can be as low as half of this.
 CARBURETTED WATER GAS

• Water gas has still to low a CV for most purposes

and this makes it unattractive to distribute.
Carburetted water gas is the result of combining the
water gas and oil gas methods. Oil is sprayed into
the hot water gas chamber to result in a good
quality gas.
 ACETYLENE

• Acetylene is a gas used in steel plants for oxy-

acetylene gas cutting and welding and also in
flame cutting machines of continuous casting
machines.
• There are three processes for the production of
acetylene:
• by reaction of calcium carbide with water,
• From paraffin hydrocarbons by pyrolysis
• From natural gas by partial oxidation
 HYDROGEN

• Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular

hydrogen,also called diprotium when consisting
specifically of a pair of protium atoms) is highly
flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range
of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume.

• Production
• Electrolysis of Water
• Steam reforming
• Metal-acid
 GAS FUEL VS. OTHER FUEL

 they are clean, and their combustion does not produce ash, dust
nor particles that can pollute the atmosphere;

 any compound of sulphur or sulphur itself that may exist in the gas
is easily removed by simple and economic processes before the
gas being burned

 can be burned efficiently with minimal amounts of excess air (50-

10%) and produce no fumes if there is good control on combustion

 can be easily distributed to various locations using underground

piping, as was the case of town gas and is currently the case with
domestic natural gas

 can be burned uniformly without requiring any special process for

control and handling;
 WHAT IS CALORIFIC VALUE?

• the energy contained in a fuel, determined by

measuring the heat produced by the complete
combustion of a specified quantity of it. This is now
usually expressed in joules per kilogram.
 CALORIFIC VALUE

a) Higher heating value or Gross Calorific value

– is the heating value obtained when the water in the product
of combustion is in the liquid state.

b) Lower heating value or Net Calorific Value

– is the heating value obtained when the water in the
products of combustion is in the vapor state.
GROSS & NET HEATING VALUE