ANALYTIC

GEOMETRY
FORMULAS
DISTANCE d BETWEEN
TWO POINTS
P1(x1,y1) AND P2(x2,y2)
SLOPE m OF LINE JOINING
TWO POINTS

P1(x1,y1) AND P2(x2,y2)

EQUATION OF LINE JOINING
TWO POINTS

P1(x1,y1) AND P2(x2,y2)

 y = mx + b

where is the intercept on

the y axis, i.e. the
y intercept.
EQUATION OF LINE IN TERMS
OF x INTERCEPT

a≠0 AND y INTERCEPT b≠O

NORMAL FORM FOR
EQUATION OF LINE
 xcosα + ysinα = p
 where p = perpendicular distance from
origin O to line
 and  α = angle of inclination of
perpendicular with
 positive x axis.
GENERAL EQUATION OF
LINE

Ax + By + C = 0
DISTANCE FROM POINT (x1, y1)
TO LINE Ax + By + C = 0

where the sign is chosen so that the distance

is nonnegative.
 ANGLE ψ BETWEEN TWO LINES
HAVING SLOPES m1, AND m2

 Lines are parallel or coincident if and only if mx

= m2.
 Lines are perpendicular if and only if m2 =
-1/m1.
AREA OF TRIANGLE
WITH VERTICES

@ (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)

 Area

 = ± ½ (x1y2 + y1x3 + y3x2 - y2x3 - y1x2 - x1y3)

 where the sign is chosen so that the area is

nonnegative. If the area is zero the points all lie
on a line.
 Transformation of
Coordinates Involving
Pure Translation
 x = x' + x0 x' = x - x0
 y = y' + y0 OR    y' = y - y0

 where (x, y) are old coordinates [i.e. coordinates

relative to xy system], (x',y') are new coordinates
[relative to x'y' system] and (x0, y0) are the
coordinates of the new origin 0' relative to the old
xy coordinate system.
Transformation of Coordinates
Involving Rotation
 x = x' cosα - y' sinα
x' = x cosα + y sinα
y = x' sinα + y'     or   
y' = y cosα - x sinα
cosα

 where the origins of the old [xy] and new

[x'y'] coordinate systems are the same
but the x' axis makes an angle α with the
positive x axis.
 Transformation of Coordinates
Involving Translation and Rotation

x = x' cosα - y' sinα + x0 x' = (x - x0)cosα + (y - y0)sinα

y = x' sinα + y' cosα + y0     or    y' = (y - y0)cosα - (x - x0)sinα

 where the new origin O' of x'y' coordinate

system has coordinates (x0, y0) relative to the
old xy coordinate system and the x' axis makes
an angle α with the positive x axis.
 Polar Coordinates(r, θ)

 x = r cosθ
 or
 y = r sinθ θ = tan-1(y/x)
 Equation of Circle
 Equation of circle of radius R, center at
(x0,y0)

 (x - x0)2 + (y - y0)2 = R2
 Equation of Circle of RadiusR
Passing through Origin
 r = 2R cos(θ — α)
 where (θ, α) are polar coordinates of any
point on the circle and (R, α) are polar
coordinates of the center of the circle.
Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola
 Ellipse with center C(x0, y0) and
major axis parallel to x axis
 Length of major axis A'A —
2a
 Length of minor axis B'B =
2b Distance from center C  If P is any point on
to focus F or F' is
the ellipse, PF + PF'
 Eccentricity = ε = c/a =
Equation in rectangular
= 2a
coordinates:  If the major axis is
 Equation in polar parallel to the y
coordinates if C is at O: axis, interchange x
 Equation in polar and y in the above
coordinates if C is on x axis
and F' is at 0: or replace θ by ½π -
θ [or 90° - θ].
 Parabola with axis parallel to x axis

 If vertex is at  If focus is at the

A(x0,y0) and the origin the
equation in polar
distance from A to coordinates is
focus F is a > 0,
the equation of
the parabola is if
parabola opens to  In case the axis is
parallel to the y
right axis, interchange
x and y or replace
 If parabola opens θ by ½π — θ [or
90° — θ].
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