Abhishek G

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 Abhishek G
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Introduction
Image Types 3
 Binary images: Simplest type of images, which

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can take two values, typically black or white, or
“0” or “1”

Fig: Binary Image

Image Types 4
 Gray scale images: One-color or monochrome images

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that contains only brightness information and no color
information

Fig: Gray scale image

Image Types 5
 Color images: 3 band monochrome images, where

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each band corresponds to a different color,
typically red, blue and green or RGB

Fig: Color Image

Image Types 6
 Color pixel vector: Single pixel’s values for a color

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image, (R,G,B)
Image Types 7
 Multispectral Images: Images of many bands

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containing information outside of the visible
spectrum  Imaging in the
Infrared Bands
 Imaging in the Microwave Bands
 Color Fundamentals
8
 Is the perceptual sensation of light in the visible range incident upon the

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retina.
 To understand color, it is necessary to understand the nature of light.
 Light exhibits a dual nature, behaves both as a particle and as a wave.
 When photons hit the retina , they give rise to electric impulses, which on
reaching the brain, are translated into color.
 The wavelengths between 380nm and 780nm form the visible spectrum.
 The frequency of light determines the color.
 The amount of light determines the intensity.
 Lightness of brightness refers to the amount of light a certain color
transmits or reflects.
 Color Fundamentals
9
 Light that has a dominant frequency or set of frequencies is called

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chromatic.
 Achromatic light has no color and it contributes only to intensity.
 The intensity is determined by the energy, where as the brightness is
determined by the perception of the color, hence it is psychological.
 Color depends primarily on the reflectance properties of an object
Physical Background 10

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 Visible light: a narrow band of electromagnetic
radiation → 380nm (blue) - 780nm (red)
 Wavelength: Each physically distinct colour
corresponds to at least one wavelength in this
band.
 Pure Colours: Pure or monochromatic colours
do not exist in nature.
Physical Background 11

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 Spectrum: Intensity as a function of wavelength.

 The colour of an object: is the product of the spectrum of

the incident light with the light absorption and/or reflection
properties of the object.
Color Formation 12
 Additive Color Formation:

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 Spectral distributions corresponding to two or more light rays get added.
 Resulting color is the sum of the no. of photons in the same range
present in the component colors.
 Is employed in TV monitors.
 Subtractive Color Formation:
 When the light is passed or transmitted through a light filter.
 Filter may partly absorbs / transmits part of the light.
 Several filters can be used in series, the resulting color being made up of
those wavelengths that can go through all of them.
 Occurs when color slides are projected onto a screen.
Color Formation 13
 Color Formation by Pigmentation:

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 Pigment consists of a colored particles in suspension in a liquid.
 These particles can absorb / reflect the light that reaches them.
 When light ray reaches a surface covered with a pigment, it is scattered
by a particles, with successive and simultaneous events of reflection,
transmission and absorption.
 These events determines the color of the light.
 Color formation through pigmentation allows one to see colors in a
painting.
 Human colour perception 14

The human eye does not perceive individual light wavelengths.

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

 It contains three types of colour receptor (cones) which integrate over parts of the
spectrum
 The sensitivity curves of the RGB sensors in the human eye determine the intensity
of the colors that one perceives for each of the wavelengths in the visual spectrum.

From http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/BlueSky/blue_sky.html
Color Models 15
 RGB Color Model:
 Is used in CRT monitors / Display devices.

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 Is an additive color model.
 Magenta = Red + Blue
 Yellow = Red + Green
Fig. RGB color model
 Cyan = Blue + Green
 Limitations
 Device dependent, will not reproduce the
same color from one display to another.
MATLAB Code 16
original image Red Component

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Green Component Blue Component
MATLAB Code 17
original image Red Missing!

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Green Missing! Blue Missing!
Color Models 18
 CMYK Model:
 Is used in Printing media.

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 Is an subtractive color model.
 Magenta = White - Green
 Cyan = White - Red
Fig. CMYK color model
 Yellow = White - Blue
Color Models 19
 Y'UV, YUV, YCbCr, YPbPrColor Models:
 Components:

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 Non-color info (black, gray, white info). Terms:
 Luminance: measured. Symbol: Y
 Luma: perceived. Symbol: Y'
 Chroma or Chrominance. Symbol: C. Similar concepts: Fig. YCbCr color model Fig. YUV color model
 U, V: color information
 Pb, Pr: Chroma for blue (B − Y) and for red (R − Y). For analog encoding (analog component
video)
 Cb, Cr: Idem for digital encodings
 I, Q: defined by NTSC (National Television System Committee)
 Sometimes YUVA: 4th component A = Alpha
 Uses: video systems (Y'UV in PAL, YIQ in NTSC)
 Advantages:
 – Compatible with analog TV.
 – Some Chroma info can be discarded (better perception than RGB with higher compression)
Color Models 20
 HSV, HSL, HSB, HIS Color Models:
 Components:

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 – Hue: distinguishes which colour is
 – Saturation: intensity or colorfulness
 – 3rd component: Value, Lightness (from black to white), Brightness
and/or Intensity
 Cylindrical coordinates. Same RGB color model represented in other way
 Uses: by digital artists. More intuitive representation for attributes
recognized by human vision
Color Models 21
 XYZ Color Models:
 The XYZ color space is an international standard developed by the CIE (Commission

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Internationale de l’Eclairage).
 Y represents luminance
 X and Z gives color information.
 Advantage of CIE XYZ space is that this space completely device - independent.

Fig. XYZ color model

 Source : Color Model Conversion, https://software.intel.com/en-
us/node/503877
Color image enhancement