RESPIRATORY SYSTEM for Powel

INTRODUCTION

 Respiration--
 Respiration is the process of breathing in (o2 is taken) and
out(co2 is given out) through respiratory system.

 Types of Respiration--
* External Respiration
* Internal Respiration
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION--
 External respiration that involve exchange of respiratory
gasses.
i.e. o2 and co2 between lungs and blood.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION--
 Internal respiration which involve exchange of gasses
between blood and tissues.
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM--
 That organ of body which participate in respiration known as
respiratory organ and that system which participate known
as respiratory system.
 The human respiratory system can be divided into two
group stracturally.As --
* The upper respiratory tract– Nose, nasal
cavity,sinuses,pharynx.
* The lower respiratory tract-- Larynx, trachea,
bronchial tree,lungs.
 And the organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into
.
two groups functionally.

* The conducting portion--

system of interconnecting cavities and tubes that conduct
air into the lungs. As - nose,pharynx,trachea,bronchi.

* The respiratory portion—

system where the exchange of respiratory gasses
occurs.As-
respiratory bronchioles,alveolary duct,alveoli.
.
SUMMARY OF FUNCTION-
 Nose/nesal cavity– warms,moistens and fiters air it is
inhaled.
PHARYNX(THROAT)-
 Passage way for air,leads to trachea.
LARYNX-
 The voice box,where vocal chords are located.
TRACHEA(WINDPIPE)-
 Tube from pharynx to bronchi rings of cartilage provide
stracture,keep the windpipe open.trachea lined with fine
hairs called cilia which filter air before it reaches the lungs.
BRONCHI-
 Two branches at the end of the trachea,each lead to a
lungs.
BRONCHIOLES-
 A network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into
the lungs tissue and ultimetly to lungs sacs
ALVEOLI
 The functional respiratory units in the lungs where gases(o2
and co2) are exchanged(enter and exit the blood stream)
HUMAN RESPIRATION COMPLATE INTO
FOLLOWING STEPS--

 Breathing
 Gaseous exchange
 Gaseous transport
 Expiration
BREATHING--
 Taking of atmospheric gas inside the lungs and
removal of foul gas of lungs into the atmosphere
are known as breathing.

 which complates into two steps-

* Inspiration (Inhalation)
* Expiration (Exhalation)
oINSPIRATION-
• Taking of atmospheric gas inside the lungs known as
insspiration.
• As-
gas from atmosphere Nostrils Nasal
chamber pharynx Larynx Trachea
alveoli Bronchioles Bronchi
EXHALATION--
 As muscles relax,air is pushed out of the lungs .
 Forced expiration can occur mostely by contracting internal
intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage. As-

 Alveoli Bronchioles bronchi Trachea

nostril Nasal-chamber pharynx Larynx
Atmospheric gas
GASEOUS EXCHANGE– for analyn
a) In between blood vessels and lungs.
.

b) In between blood vessels and body tissue –

GASEOUS TRANSPORT-
 Main function of blood is to transport the gases in diffirent
form.
 Transport of o2 -Most o2 is transported by Hb(red pigment
protein in erythrocytes),(97%)

 o2 combine with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.As—

 Hb + o2 Hbo2
 A small amount of o2 is transported in solution in the blood
plasma(3%) and other body fluid.
TRANSPORT OF CO2 --
 Most co2 is transported as bicarbonate ions.
 HOW??
 First co2 bind with water to form carbonic acid.
 As- CO2 + H2O H2CO3

 Then carbolic acid dissosiates to form hydrogen and

bicarbonate ions.
 As-- H2CO3 H+ + HCO3−
 A small amount of co2 is transported by the hemoglobin
molecules in the form of
carbaminohemoglobin(HbCO3).
 Co2 +Hb HbCO3 (23%)

. The higher the amount of H+ in the blood the lowering the
pH .
 Therefor H+ bond with the globin part of Hb to keep the pH
normal in blood.
 70% of plasma,in the form of bicorbonate ion .

 HCO3− H2O + CO2 H+ + HCO3 –

 7% by lymph – in dissolved form. As-
CELLULAR RESPIRATION--

 Steps of respiration which occur inside the cells.

 Or cellular respiration is the process whereby an organism
uses
O2 and food to produce energy (ATP) and other product e.g.
water and co2.
As-- glucose + O2 ATP + H2O +CO2 .

Therefore gaseous exchange is necessary for to get O 2 for

cellular respiration.
HOW TO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WORKS ??
 Air is taken into body through nostril of nose.
.

 The nostril of nose consists of fine hairs that lines the passage
(the way through which air passes) and also lined with mucus.

 So what is use of fine hair and mucus lining in the nostril

passage??

 The fine hair of nostril filter the air from dust, dirt and
microorganisms.And mucus also traps the dust and facilitates
smooth flow of air with it’s moist characteristic.

 Then the air passes through throat. The throat also called as
windpipe or trachea which is surrounded by rings of cartilage.
WHAT IS THE NACESSARY OF RING OF CARTILAGE ??
 Ring of cartilage help in free,unrestricted flow of air through
. wind pipe and helps in proventing air passage from
collapse.

 If cartilage ring are absent then it increase pressure during

exhalation on compression of ribcage and windpipe ,will be
closed restricts air flow and interfere normal breathing.

 Through throat air passage into lungs.within lungs the

passage divided into smaller and smaller tubes and finally
ends with balloon like structure which are known as Alveoli.

 The alveoli is the surface where exchange of gases takes

place.
 The walls of alveoli consist of network of blood vessels.
 When breathe in we lift our ribs then diaphragm flatten
. followed by chest cavity becomes larger and that case air is
sucked into lungs and alveoli is filled with air.

 Then blood carries co2 from all parts of body and release
co2 into alveoli.

 And the proceeds to the O2 that is prevent in the alveoli is

takes by blood vessels.

 O2 is transported to all cells of the body through blood

vessels.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- -
 About half a liter of water /day is lost through breathing.

 Yawning bring more O2 to the lungs .

 Our right lungs is larger then left lungs.

 We breathe 13 pints of air every minute.

 People under 30 take in double the amount of O 2 in

comparison to someone who’s 80 years old.
HOW TO KEEP OUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM HEALTHY--

 Try to avoid --
COMMON RESPIRATORY DISORDER--
 The following lower respiratory tract disorder are caused by
exposure to infection, pathogens or polluted air, including
tobacco smoke.
 Disease –
Pneumonia
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Asthma