Introduction to

Environmental
Engineering
Session IV
Water Quality

Deffi Ayu Puspito Sari, Ph.D

Review
 Intensity-duration-frequency Curves (IDF)
 Estimation of Amount of Runoff
 Stream Gages; manual (staff gage), automatic
(float and cable, stilling well, weir plate for small
streams)
 Hydrographs; direct runoff hydrograph (DRH)
 Unit Hydrograph Method is a DRH that results
from a unit of precipitation excess over a
watershed for a unit period of time
 Rational Method
 Estimation of Time of Arrival
 Lag Time is the time from the midpoint of excess
rainfall to the peak discharge
 Time of Concentration (tc) is the time required
for direct runoff to flow from the hydraulically
most remote part of the drainage area to the
watershed outlet.
Review (Cont.)
 Groundwater and Wells
 Construction of Wells
 Cement grout or puddled clay minimum 6 m
depth
 Artesian aquifers  casing to retain the
artesian pressure
 If water-bearing formation containing poor
quality of water  the formation should be
sealed off
 Sanitary well seal should be installed at the
top of the well
 Cone of Depression, radius of influence
Water Pollutant and
Their Sources (1)
 Point sources
 From homes, schools, office buildings
 Can be reduced or eliminated through proper
waste water treatment prior to discharge to a
natural water body
Water Pollutant and
Their Sources (2)
 Non-point sources
 From urban and agricultural runoff
 Waste water treatment is not economically
feasible
 Require change in land use practices and
improved education
 Oxygen-demanding material
 Consumption of DO; human waste, food
residue, food industry and paper industry
Water Pollutant and
Their Sources (3)
 Nutrients
 Nitrogen and phosphorus; too much of a
good thing
 Detergents, fertilizers and food-processing
wastes
 Pathogenic organisms
 Bacteria, viruses, protozoa excreted by
diseased persons or animals
 Water become non potable
Water Pollutant and
Their Sources (4)
 Suspended solids
 Soil particles, particles from mining, logging,
construction
 Destroy ecological habits for aquatic organisms
 Salts
 From industry, road  high salt level in urban
runoff
Water Pollutant and
Their Sources (5)

 Toxic metals and toxic organic

compounds
 Lead from exhaust of automobiles using
leaded gasoline
 Zinc comes from tire wear
Water Pollutant and
Their Sources (6)
 Heat
 From electric power industry
 Beneficial  clams and oyster
 Negative impacts  cool water fish; salmon
(migration as well), trout. And increase
oxygen depletion in areas where oxygen-
demanding wastes are present
River Water Quality
 Water quality management is the science
of knowing how much is too much for a
particular water body
 To protect the intended uses of a water
body while using water as an economic
means of waste disposal within the
constrains of its assimilative capacity
 By understanding the impact of pollutants
on water quality, the environmental
engineer can properly design the
treatment facilities to remove these
pollutants to acceptable levels.
River Water Quality (cont.)
 Howmuch waste can be assimilated
depends on;
 Type of pollutant discharged
 Natural factors affects waters quality
 Geometry of the terrain
 Climate of the region
BOD
 BOD test is an indirect measurement of
organic matter because we actually
measure only the change in DO
concentration caused by the
microorganisms as they degrade the
organic matter.
 BOD and Oxygen-equivalent relationships
figure
DO Sag Curve
 To determine the profile of DO
concentration downstream from a waste
discharge
 Mass balance approach
 DO, D, tc, kr, kd, Da, La, Lw
 Add the conversion

 EXERCISE!
Thank You