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2
Study of Water
• Hydraulics
– The science which defines the mechanical
principles of water at rest or in motion.
• Hydrostatics
– The scientific laws that define the principles of
water at rest.
• Hydrokinetics
– The study of water in motion.
3
Hydraulic Focus
• Pressure • Flow
4
Pressure Types
• Atmospheric Pressure
– Caused by the weight of air, varies with altitude
• Lower at high altitudes, higher at low altitudes
• 14.7 psi at sea level
• Gage Pressure
– The actual reading on a gage, does not account for
atmospheric pressure. (psig)
• Absolute Pressure
– The sum of atmospheric pressure and gage
pressure. (psia)
5
Pressure Types (continued)
• Static Pressure (Ps)
– The potential energy available within a system
when no water is flowing.
– Pressure is created by elevating water above a
source, or it can be created mechanically with
pumps or pressure tanks.
6
Elevation Pressure
1 ft 1 ft
15 ft
5 ft
8
Elevation Pressure Example (Continued)
• What is the pressure at the hydrant?
Pressure (psi) = 0.433 x Elevation (ft)
P 0.433 x 200 ft
200 ft
P 90.93 psi
P=?
P 91 psi
6 ft
9
Elevation Pressure 2nd Example
• How high is the water?
10
Pressure Types (continued)
• Residual Pressure (PR)
– The pressure at a given point in a conduit or
appliance with a specific volume of water flowing.
11
Pressure Types (continued)
14
Flow (Q)
• The quantity (of water) which passes by a
given point in a given period of time
• Generally measured in gallons per minute
(gpm) or cubic feet per second (ft3/sec)
• Uses the term “Q” in most equations
15
Flow Equation
Q=AxV
• Q = flow in ft3/sec
• A = cross sectional area of pipe in ft2
• V = water velocity in ft/sec
16
Flow Equation (continued)
Q = A x V = constant flow
X gpm
17
Flow Example 1
5.7 ? 3-inch
6-inch
ft/s
18
Flow Example 1 Solution
5.7 ? 3-inch
6-inch
ft/s
20
Flow from an Outlet (continued)
Where: Q 29.83 di Pv CD
2
•
• Q is the flow (gpm)
• di is the diameter of opening (inches)
• Pv is the measured velocity pressure (psi)
• CD is the discharge coefficient of the device
Q k P
Where:
Q is flow (gpm)
k is k-factor determined in the sprinkler listing
(gpm/psi½)
P is the pressure (psi)
• The diameter of the opening and discharge
coefficient are incorporated into the empirical
determination of k-factor.
22
Sprinkler Flow Example
• A sprinkler is being installed with a k-factor of
5.6. If the pressure at the sprinkler is 20 psi,
how much water will exit the sprinkler?
Q k P
Q 5.6 20 psi
Q 25.0 gpm
23
Flow from a Sprinkler (continued)
• The flow equation can be rearranged to solve
for pressure or k-factor:
2
Q
P
k
Q k P
Q
k
P
24
Pressure Calculation Example
• What is the pressure for a sprinkler that has a
k-factor of 17.6 and the expected flow is 83
gpm?
2
83 gpm
2 P
Q 17.6
P
k P 4.716 22.2 psi
2
25
K-factor Calculation Example
• What is the K-factor for an outlet that is
flowing 65 gpm at 30 psi?
• 65 gpm
k
Q 30 psi
k
P 65
k 11.86
5.48
26
Friction Loss (PL)
• Occurs when water flows in pipes, hoses, or
other system devices
• Caused by water in contact with walls
• Used to account for losses in energy from
water making turns or traveling difficult paths
27
Formulas for Calculating Friction Loss
• Hazen-Williams formula
– Fire sprinkler systems
– Water-spray systems
• Darcy-Weisbach formula
– Anti-freeze systems
– Water mist systems
– Foam-water systems
• Fanning formula
28
Hazen-Williams Formula
• Most common for sprinkler calculations
• Assumes water is at room temperature but is
still accurate with temperature variations
• Based on C-factor, flow, and pipe size
• Calculates the amount of friction loss in ONE
FOOT of pipe
29
Hazen-Williams Formula
1.85
4.52Q
PL 1.85 4.87
• Where: C di
• PL = friction loss (psi/ft)
• Q = flow (gpm)
• C = roughness coefficient (based on pipe
material)
• di = interior pipe diameter (inches)
30
Roughness Coefficient
Table 22.4.4.7 Hazen-Williams C Values
Pipe or Tube C Value
Unlined case or ductile iron 100
Black steel (dry systems including preaction) 100
Black steel (wet systems including deluge) 120
Galvanized (all) 120
Plastic (listed, all) 150
Cement-lined cast or ductile iron 140
Copper tube or stainless steel 150
Asbestos cement 140
Concrete 140
31
Inside Diameters (di)
List for steel and copper in Table A.6.3.2 and Table A.6.3.5
Nominal Schedule Schedule Type K CPVC*
Pipe Size 40 10 Copper
1-inch 1.049 1.097 0.995 1.101
1 ¼-inch 1.380 1.442 1.245 1.394
1 ½-inch 1.610 1.682 1.481 1.598
2-inch 2.067 2.157 1.959 2.003
2 ½-inch 2.469 2.635 2.435 2.423
3-inch 3.068 3.260 2.907 2.95
4-inch 4.026 4.260 3.857 N/A
32
Hazen-Williams Example
If a pressure gage is reading 40 psi at one end of a 32-
foot section of 2-inch schedule 40 pipe (C = 120)
flowing at 110 gpm, what will a gage at the other end
read? 40 ?
32 ft
1.85 1.85
4.52Q 4.52(110gpm)
PL 1.85 4.87 1.85 4.87
C di (120) (2.067in)
PL= 0.112 psi/ft
33
Hazen-Williams Example (continued)
• What will a gage at the other end read?
40 ?
• PL = 0.112 psi/ft
• Friction Loss = 0.112 psi/ft x 32 ft = 3.6 psi
• Gage Pressure = 40 psi – 3.6 psi 36 psi
34
Fittings
• Energy losses through fittings are caused by
turbulence in the water
• To determine losses through fittings
“equivalent length” is used
• NFPA has a table to provide equivalent pipe
lengths
• Table is based on schedule 40 steel in a wet
pipe system with C Values of 120.
35
Equivalent Length Chart
Fittings & Valves Fittings & Valves Expressed in Equivalent Feet of Pipe
1¼
¾ in 1 in 1 ½ in 2 in 2 ½ in 3 in 3 ½ in 4 in 5 in 6 in 8 in 10 in 12 in
in
45° Elbow 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 7 9 11 12
90° Standard
2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 18 22 27
Elbow
37
Adjusting for C-Factor
38
Adjusting for Inside Diameter
4.87
Actual inside diameter
Factor
Schedule 40 Steel Pipe inside diameter
• Begin with the equivalent length value from
the table
• Multiply the length by the factor above
calculated for the inside diameter of the pipe
being used
39
Fittings (continued)
• All fittings must be accounted for in the
calculations
– Including tees, elbows, valves, etc.
– Some may have pressure loss or equivalent length
values from manufacturer’s listing information
• Special provisions:
– Fittings connected directly to sprinklers
– Fittings where water flows straight through
without changing direction
40
Equivalent Length Exercise
• What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K
copper tube which used for a 3-inch standard
turn 90-degree elbow?
41
Equivalent Length Exercise Solution
• What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K
copper tube which used for a 3-inch standard
turn 90-degree elbow?
• NFPA 13 Table 22.4.3.1.1 :
– 3-inch 90-degree elbow = 7 ft of pipe
• Adjustments are needed for:
– Type K Copper
– Interior diameter
42
Equivalent Length Exercise Solution (continued)
• What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K
copper tube which used for a 3-inch standard
turn 90-degree elbow?
• Adjustment for material (C-factor)
– Copper has a C-Factor of 150
– Per Table 22.4.3.2.1: Multiplier = 1.51
• Adjustment for inside diameter
– 3-inch copper has an inside diameter of 2.907-inch
4.87
4.87
Actual i.d. 2.907
Factor 0.77
Schedule 40 Steel Pipe i.d. 3.068
43
Equivalent Length Exercise Solution (continued)
• What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K
copper tube which used for a 3-inch standard
turn 90-degree elbow?
• Apply the factors:
– Equivalent pipe length per Table 22.4.3.1.1 = 7 ft
– Adjustment for C-factor = 1.51
– Adjustment for diameter = 0.77
• The equivalent length for a 3-inch Type K
Copper standard turn elbow is:
7 ft x 1.51 x 0.77 = 8.14 ft 44
Hydraulic Calculation Principles
45
The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
46
Hydraulic Calculations
• Verify that the amount of water specified by
the design approach can be delivered to
control or extinguish a fire
• Confirm and adjust pipe sizing to accomplish
control or extinguishment
• Determine size and adequacy of water supply
47
Hydraulics Affected By…
• Piping Configuration
– Tree Systems
– Loop Systems
– Gridded Systems
– Multi-purpose Systems
• Can be any of the configurations above with at least
one domestic fixture tied into the piping.
• Pipe Size and Material
• Pipe Fittings
48
Tree System
Cross Main
Riser
Branch lines and sprinklers are
fed from only one direction
49
Loop System
51
Hydraulics Affected By…
(continued)
• Type of Sprinkler
– Standard Spray Sprinklers
– Extended Coverage Sprinklers
– Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA)
Sprinklers
– Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinklers
– Residential Sprinklers
– In-rack Sprinklers
– Specially Listed Sprinklers
52
Hydraulics Affected By…
(continued)
• Design Method
– Density/Area Method
– Room Design Method
– Special Design- NFPA special arrangements for
residential, stairs, chutes, etc.
53
Hydraulic Calculation Principles
• Provide enough water from each sprinkler to
control or extinguish fire
• Provide water for all sprinklers which are likely
to open
• Minimize pipe size for material cost, but not
create large pressure loss due to friction
54
Hydraulic Calculation Approaches
• Density/Area Method
• Room Design Method
• Special Design Approaches
– Residential Sprinklers
– ESFR Sprinklers
– Specially Listed Sprinklers
– Water Curtains
– Other
55
Density/Area Method
• Density is the flow of water that lands in a
single square foot under the sprinkler
• Measured in flow divided by unit area
– English units: gpm/ft2
• Flow required from a sprinkler is calculated by
multiplying selected density by the coverage
area
56
Density/Area Curves
57
Density/Area Example 1
• A sprinkler system has been installed with
standard spray sprinklers spaced 10 feet by 11
feet 6 inches apart. If this is an Ordinary Hazard
Group 2 occupancy and the discharge density is
0.2 gpm/ft2, what is the minimum required flow
from a sprinkler?
• Coverage Area:
A = 10 ft x 11.5 ft = 115 ft2
• Density times area equals flow:
0.2 gpm/ft2 x 115 ft2 = 23 gpm
58
Density/Area Method (continued)
61
Density/Area Example 2
• The sprinkler system in an OH2 occupancy has a
discharge density of 0.2 gpm/ft2 over 1500 ft2 (selected from
Figure 11.2.3.1.1), each sprinkler covers 115 ft2, how many
sprinklers will be in the design area?
1500 ft2 ÷ 115 ft2 = 13.04
14 sprinklers
• If sprinklers along the branch line are 10 ft apart, how
many sprinklers/line are calculated?
2
1.2 1500ft
4.65 5 sprinkler/ line
10ft
62
Density/Area Example 2 (continued)
Which sprinklers on the 3rd line should be added?
E 10 5
D 9 4
C 8 3
B 7 2
A 6 1
63
Area Adjustments
• Dry-Pipe Systems
– Increase area 30% (Section 11.2.3.2.5)
• Double Interlock Preaction Systems
– Increase Area 30% (Section 11.2.3.2.5)
• Extra Hazard Occupancy with High
Temperature Sprinklers
– Decrease Area 25%, but minimum of 2000 ft2
(Section 11.2.3.2.6)
64
Area Adjustments (continued)
• Quick Response Sprinklers (11.2.3.2.3)
– Area of operation can be reduced 25 to 40%
depending on ceiling height when:
• Wet pipe system only
• Light or ordinary hazards
• 20 ft maximum ceiling height
• No unprotected ceiling pockets
• No less than 5 sprinklers in design area
– Area may be less than 1500 ft2
65
Quick Response Area Adjustment
Ceiling Height (ft) v. % • Ceiling Height <10 ft
Reduction
– Reduction is 40%
40
35 • Between 10 and 20 ft
30 – Y = (-3x/2)+55
25 • Ceiling Height is 20 ft
20
– Reduction is 25%
15
10 • Over 20 ft Ceiling
5 Height
0 – No reduction allowed
0 5 10 15 20
66
Area Adjustments (continued)
• Sloped Ceilings
– Area of operation is increased by 30% if pitch
exceeds 2 in 12 (rise in run). This is an angle of
9.46°
rise
run
67
Area Adjustments (continued)
• Unsprinklered concealed spaces minimum 3,000
ft2 applied after all other adjustments unless:
– Noncombustible or limited-combustible space with
minimal combustible loading and
• No access
• Limited access an no occupancy or storage
– Filled with noncombustible insulation
– Light/Ordinary hazard occupancies with wood joists
or solid noncombustible or limited-combustible
construction subdivided into 160 ft3 areas, including
areas under insulation directly on joists 68
Area Adjustments (continued)
• Unsprinklered concealed spaces minimum 3,000
ft2 applied after all other adjustments unless:
– Flame spread rating 25 or less
– Spaces constructed of fire retardant materials defined
by NFPA 703
– Spaces over isolated small rooms < 55 ft2
– Vertical pipe chases under 10 ft2 meeting 8.15.1.2.14
– Exterior columns under 10 ft2 supporting sprinklered
canopies
– Light/Ordinary hazard occupancies with
noncombustible or limited-combustible ceilings
attached to composite wood joists directly or with 1-
inch metal channels subdivided into 160 ft3 areas
69
Multiple Adjustments Example 1
• Compound adjustments based on original
area of operation selected from Figure
11.2.3.1.1.
– Dry-pipe system installed under slope of 4 in 12
• 30% increase for dry system
• 30% increase for slope
• Using 1500 ft2 as the selected operation area
– 1500 ft2 x 1.3 x 1.3 = 2535 ft2 design area
• There is no change in the density.
70
Multiple Adjustments Example 2
• Compound adjustments based on original
area of operation selected from Figure
11.2.3.1.1.
– QR sprinklers under 3 in 12 slope, ceiling height is
20 ft
• 25% decrease for ceiling height
• 30% increase for slope
• Using 1500 ft2 as the operation area
– 1500 ft2 x 0.75 x 1.3 = 1463 ft2 design area
• There is no change in density.
71
Room Design Method
• Density based on Figure 11.2.3.1.1
• Calculate all of the sprinklers in the most
demanding room (usually the largest)
• Walls must have fire resistance rating equal to
the required water supply duration
Table 11.2.3.1.2
Light Hazard 30 minutes
Ordinary Hazard 60 – 90 minutes
Extra Hazard 90 – 120 minutes
72
Room Design Method (continued)
• Light Hazard
– Doors must have automatic or self closers, or
– Calculations must include two sprinklers from
each adjoining space
• Ordinary and Extra Hazard
– Doors must have automatic or self closers with
appropriate fire resistance ratings.
• Corridors/Narrow Rooms
– When protected with a single-row of sprinklers,
calculate maximum of 5 sprinklers or 75 feet
73
Room Design Method Example
Which room is the most demanding? Light Hazard, no door closers
1 2 3 4
6 7
5
11
15
8 9 10
12 13 14
74
RDM Example Solution
Room Sprinklers Sprinklers Room Sprinklers Sprinklers
# in Room Calculated # in Room Calculated
1 6 10 9 1 6
2 2 6 10 3 10
3 8 12 11 3 12
4 4 7 12 1 3
5 4 11 13 1 3
6 7 5 14 1 3
7 1 5 15 6 11
8 1 2
75
Special Design Approaches
• Specially Listed Sprinklers
– Minimum flow and/or pressure included in the listing
of the sprinkler
– Uses the area of calculation from the density area
method
• ESFR Sprinklers
– 12 sprinklers calculated
– 4 sprinklers over 3 branch lines
• Other
– Provides the number of sprinklers to be calculated
and minimum pressure or flow necessary 76
Hydraulically Most Remote Sprinklers
• Location of Open Sprinklers
– Usually highest and farthest from system riser
– Can be hard to locate in gridded systems
– Special sprinklers may be more demanding due to
flow characteristics instead of those farther away
from the water supply
• Several sets of calculations may need to be
done to find the most demanding values
77
Types of Water Supplies
• City Water Mains (public supply)
• Reservoir, Lake, Pond, River, etc.
• Private Water Mains (NFPA 24)
• Water Tanks (NFPA 22)
• Fire Pumps (NFPA 20)
– Could be used as part of any of the water supplies
78
City Water Mains
• Information from the local water authority
• Flow testing near the site
• Need the following information:
– Static Pressure
– Residual Pressure
– Residual Flow
79
Water Supply Summary
• If the system demand is NOT within the capacity
of the water supply, alterations are need to the
supply or to the system
• If the supply is too low on flow:
– arrange a secondary water source (e.g. tank, lake,
pond, etc.)
• If the supply is too low on pressure:
– install a fire pump
– use larger pipe to reduce friction loss
– maintain higher water level in an elevated tank
– install tank at higher elevation
80
Step-by-Step Calculations
1. Identify hazard category
2. Determine sprinkler spacing
3. Determine piping arrangement
4. Calculate amount of water needed per sprinkler
5. Calculate number and location of open
sprinklers in the hydraulically most demanding
area
6. Start at most remote sprinkler and work towards
the water supply calculating flows and pressures
7. Compare demand with supply
81
Example
• Ordinary Hazard Group 2 occupancy
• 12 ft ceiling height
• Quick Response standard spray sprinklers with
a k-factor of 5.6
• Wet pipe sprinkler system
• Sprinklers on 10 ft x 12.5 ft spacing
82
Example: Plan View
123 ft
5 ft
10 ft
38 ft
80 ft
12.5 ft
5.5 ft
5 ft
5 ft
83
Example (continued)
1. Select hazard category: OH2
2. Determine sprinkler spacing: 10 ft x 12.5 ft
3. Determine piping arrangement: Done
4. Calculate amount of water per sprinkler
a) Select Density/Area Method
b) Pick point from density/area curve: 0.2 gpm/ft2
over 1500 ft2
c) 0.2 gpm/ft2 x 125 ft2 = 25 gpm/sprinkler
84
Example (continued)
1. Select hazard category: OH2
2. Determine sprinkler spacing: 10 ft x 12.5 ft
3. Determine piping arrangement: Done
4. Calculate amount of water per sprinkler: 25 gpm
5. Calculate number & location of open sprinklers
a) Area Adjustment(s):
QR Reduction: % = (-3x/2) + 55 = [-3(12)/2] + 55 = 37%
1500 ft2 x 0.63 = 945 ft2
b) 945 ft2 ÷ 125 ft2 per sprinkler = 7.56 = 8 sprinklers
c) 1.2(945)0.5/10 = 3.7 = 4 sprinklers per branch line
85
Example: Hydraulic Remote Area
123 ft
5 ft
10 ft
38 ft
80 ft
12.5 ft
5.5 ft
5 ft
5 ft
86
Determine the Starting Pressure
• Most remote sprinkler needs 25 gpm
• Sprinkler k = 5.6
2 2
Q 25
P 19.9psi
k 5.6
• Starting information for the first sprinkler:
– 25 gpm at 19.9 psi
• Next work back to the water supply adding
pressure losses and flows throughout the
system
87
Information Needed for Calculations
• Select initial pipe sizes
• Locate nodes on all places where:
a. Flow (Q) takes place,
b. Type of pipe or system changes (C), and
c. Diameter (di) changes.
• Layout calculation paths starting with primary
path then attachment paths
• Fill in hydraulic calculation sheets
88
Hydraulic Calculation Paths
Locate the system nodes:
5 ft
10 ft
38 ft
BL1 BL2
TOR
4 8
12.5 ft
3 7
5.5 ft
2 6
5 ft
1 5 5 ft
89
Main Calculation Path
• Start at the most remote sprinkler (#1)
• Path:
Balancing
Point
90
Auxiliary Calculation Path
• Section that connects into the “balancing
point”
• Auxiliary Path A:
K-Factor
needed to
balance
91
Balancing Flows
Q 25 • Only one pressure is
K 6.45
P 15 inside the pipe
25 gpm @ – Use the higher pressure
15 psi • Calculate an equivalent
K-factor for the portion
35 psi of the pipe with the
q 6.45 35 lower pressure
q 38.2 gpm • Calculate the actual
125 gpm @ flow using the K-factor
35 psi Q = 125 + 38.2 and the new pressure.
Q = 163.2 gpm
92
Hydraulic Calculation Work Sheets
• Hand calculations or computer calculations
must present certain information
• Computer generated sheets have been
standardized by NFPA 13 (since January 2008)
• Traditional hand calculation sheets have minor
variations from the computer standard
• The path created is the order the calculations
will be completed
93
Calculation Work Sheets
• Column Headings:
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 K- Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) factor ID
step (q)
Pressure
–
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
94
Work Sheets: Nodes
95
Work Sheets: Elevation
• The “Elevation” column
Elev. 1 K- is coordinated to the
Node 1 node location in the
(ft) factor
system.
Elev. 2 • For calculation
Node 2
(ft) purposes the centerline
height is used.
1 17.5 8.0 • Elevation is used for
pressure calculations
2 17.5 further in the step.
96
Work Sheets: K-Factor
• The “K-Factor” column
Flow – relates to the sprinklers
Elev. 1 K- or other flowing orifices
this step used in the system.
(ft) factor
(q) • For devices, such as
sprinklers, the K-factor
Elev. 2 Total is found in the
(ft) Flow (Q) manufacturer’s cut
sheets.
17.5 8.0 26.0 • At balancing points the
K-factor would be the
17.5 26.0 calculated value.
97
Work Sheets: Flow
•The “Flow” column is
used for both adding the
Flow – new flow for the step and
K- Nom.
this step finding the total flow at
factor ID
(q) that point in the system.
Total Actual •The top line is “q” where
the new flow is added.
Flow (Q) ID
•The bottom line is “Q”
8.0 26.0 1 ¼-inch where the flow is totaled.
•At the first step, the lines
26.0 1.380 will be equal.
98
Work Sheets: Pipe Size
• The pipe size column is
split into two rows –
Flow – nominal and actual.
Nom. Fittings
this step
ID – • The “Nominal ID” is
(q) noted for the diameter
amount
Total Actual & length of the pipe in that step.
Flow (Q) ID • The “Actual ID” is the
real inside diameter
26.0 1 ¼-inch
used for the friction
26.0 1.380 loss calculation.
99
Work Sheets: Fittings
• The “Fittings” column is
used for listing the
Nom. Fittings L (ft) equivalent lengths of any
ID – fittings between Node 1
Actual amount F (ft) and Node 2 for that step.
ID & length T (ft) • Many branch lines do
NOT have any fittings
1 ¼-inch 10 that need to be
-- accounted for in the
1.380
10 step.
100
Work Sheets: Lengths
• The length column
sums the physical
L (ft) C-Factor lengths (center-to-
Fittings – F (ft) center) of the step with
amount & Friction
the equivalent lengths.
length Loss
T (ft) (psi/ft) • “L” is the physical length
• “F” is the equivalent
10 C = 120
length from the fittings
-- • “T” is the total length
0.056
10 for that step
101
Work Sheets: Friction Loss
• The friction loss
column contains the C-
L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT) factor for the pipe in
Pressure Elevation that step and the
F (ft) Friction amount of friction loss
(Pe) per foot of pipe.
Loss
Friction • The Hazen-Williams
T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf) formula is used to
10 C = 120 10.6 determine the friction
loss and 3 decimal
-- --
0.056 places are used.
10 0.5
102
Work Sheets: Pressure
• “PT” is the total pressure
at the start of that step
C-Factor Total (PT) • “Pe” is the pressure from
Pressure
104
Calculation Exercise
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 K- Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) factor ID
step (q)
Pressure
–
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
1 ½- 2T = 16 10 C = 120 20.0
S4 16.5 5.6 25.0
inch
BL1 15.5 128.6 1.610
13 C = 120
BL1 15.5 -- -- 2-inch
Pressure
–
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
1 ½- 2T = 16 10 C = 120 20.0
S4 16.5 5.6 25.0
inch 16 0.4
0.505
BL1 15.5 128.6 1.610 26 13.1
13 C = 120 33.5
BL1 15.5 -- -- 2-inch
-- 0
0.150
BL2 15.5 128.6 2.067 13 1.9
10
6
Full System Hydraulic Calculation
• An electronics factory is being built.
• Water supply tests were done near the site
and produced the following information:
– Static pressure = 90 psi
– Residual pressure = 60 psi
– Flow at 60 psi = 1000 gpm
107
The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
108
Identify the Hazard
• In accordance with NFPA 13 hazard
classifications, an electronics factory is
classified as an Ordinary Hazard Group I
occupancy.
109
The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure completed
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
110
Available Water Supply
Water Supply
120
Flow Test
110 Summary Sheet
90 psi static
100
pressure
90
80
60 psi residual
pressure at 1000 gpm
Pressure (psi)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Flow (gpm)
111
The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
112
System Details
• Type of System:
– Wet pipe system
• Type of Sprinkler: TY3121
– Standard spray quick response upright sprinkler
with a K-factor of 5.6
• Typical Sprinkler Spacing:
– Sprinklers are 10 ft apart on the branch lines, and
12.5 ft between branch lines
113
Electronics Factory Plan View N
5 ft from north wall and 6 ft from west wall
10 ft
12.5
ft
53 ft
Mains are
Schedule 10
100 ft
200 ft
114
Electronics Factory Elevation View
Riser is 1 ft away
from the east wall.
3-inch All branch lines
Schedule 10 are on a 1 ft Alarm Check Valve –
15 ft
18 ft
5 ft
4-inch PVC
(ID – 4.240 inches)
7 ft
Long Turn
Elbow 42 ft
115
Electronics Factory Isometric View
1-inch
1 ¼-inch
1 ¼-inch
1 ½-inch
1 ½-inch 1 ft riser nipple
1 ½-inch
15 ft
N
Underground
4-inch PVC
116
The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard
2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
10.Notes and Details for Plans
11.As-Built Drawings
117
Select a Design Approach
• Use the density/area method
• A point from the density/area curves need to
be selected
118
Check for Area Adjustments
• Quick response sprinklers (in light hazard or
ordinary hazard with wet pipe system, reduce
design area based on maximum ceiling height,
where it is less than 20 ft)
– Original design area, from the area/density curve,
is 1500 ft2.
– Wet pipe system, ordinary hazard, and a ceiling
height of 18 ft
119
Area Reduction For QR Sprinklers
Ceiling Height (ft) v. % – y = % reduction in area
Reduction – x = ceiling height
40
35
- 3x
30 y 55
25 2
20 3(18)
15
y 55
10
2
54
5
y 55 28%
0 2
0 5 10 15 20
120
Design Area (continued)
• Starting with 1500 ft2 design area
• Applying the 28% reduction in area:
100% - 28% = 72%
1500 ft2 * 0.72 = 1080 ft2
• New design area is 1080 ft2
• Density remains at 0.15 gpm/ft2
121
Design Area (continued)
• Design area is 1080 ft2
• Each sprinkler, spaced 10 ft x 12.5 ft, is
covering 125 ft2
• How many sprinklers are in the design area?
• 1080 / 125 = 8.64 sprinklers = 9 sprinklers
122
Forming the Design Area
1.2 DesignArea
parallel to the branch lines
2
1.2 1080 ft
3.94 4 sprinklers
10 ft
• Continue to add branch lines until 9 sprinklers
are included
123
Remote Area N
1 5
2 6
3 7
53 ft
4 8 9 Mains are
Schedule 10
100 ft
ft Schedule 40
200 ft
124
Information Needed for Calculations
1. Select initial pipe sizes completed
2. Locate nodes on all places where:
a) Flow (Q) takes place,
b) Type of pipe or system changes (C), and
c) Diameter (di) changes.
3. Layout calculation paths starting with
primary path then attachment paths
4. Fill in hydraulic calculation sheets
125
Node Locations - Isometric
1-inch 15
1 ¼-inch 26
1 ¼-inch 37
1 ½-inch 4 89
1 ½-inch 1 ft riser nipple
1 ½-inch
TOR
main and riser
3-inch
15 ft
N
FF
Underground
4-inch PVC
126
Information Needed for Calculations
• Select initial pipe sizes
• Locate nodes on all places where:
– Flow (Q) takes place,
– Type of pipe or system changes (C), and
– Diameter (di) changes.
• Layout calculation paths starting with primary
path then attachment paths
• Fill in hydraulic calculation sheets
127
Calculation Paths
• Main Path:
• Auxiliary Paths:
128
Information Needed for Calculations
• Select initial pipe sizes
• Locate nodes on all places where:
– Flow (Q) takes place,
– Type of pipe or system changes (C), and
– Diameter (di) changes.
• Layout calculation paths starting with primary
path then attachment paths
• Fill in hydraulic calculation sheets
129
Starting Sprinkler Values
• Each sprinkler covers an area of 125 ft2
• Each sprinkler is required to deliver a density
of 0.15 gpm/ft2
• Minimum flow per sprinkler:
125 ft2 x 0.15 gpm/ft2 = 18.8 gpm
• Minimum pressure for 18.8 gpm:
2
18.8 gpm
p 11.3 psi
5.6
130
Data Summary…
Water Supply Information:
Static Pressure 90 psi @ 0 gpm
Residual Pressure 60 psi @ 1000 gpm
Hazard Classification OH - 1
System Type Wet
Ceiling Height 18 feet
Density/Area 0.15 gpm/ft2 / 1500 ft2
Adjusted to 0.15 gpm/ft2 / 1080 ft2
Sprinkler Type Quick Response – Standard Spray
K – Factor K =5.6
Area Per Sprinkler 125 ft2
Minimum Sprinkler Flow 18.8 gpm
Minimum Pressure 11.3 psi
131
Start With the Most Remote Sprinkler
1
2
1-inch
3 5
1 ¼-inch
4 6
1 ¼-inch
7
1 ½-inch
1 ½-inch 8
BL1 3-inch
9
BL2
BL3
132
Starting the Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID Fittings
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor
–
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
10 C = 120 11.3
1 17.0 5.6 18.8 1-inch
-- 0.116 --
2 17.0 18.8 1.049 10 1.2
12.5
Now determine the friction loss
133
Second Sprinkler Calculation
18.8 gpm @
1
11.3 psi
2
3 1 ¼-inch
p 12.5 psi
4 1 ¼-inch qk p
1 ½-inch
1 ½-inch q2 5.6 12.5
q2 19.8 gpm
134
Second Sprinkler - Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor –
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
10 C = 120 11.3
1 17.0 5.6 18.8 1-inch
-- --
0.116
2 17.0 18.8 1.049 10 1.2
1 ¼- 10 C = 120 12.5
2 17.0 5.6 19.8 inch ---- --
0.116
3 17.0 38.6 1.380 10 1.2
13.7
What is the friction loss?
What is the total flow? 135
Third Sprinkler Calculation
18.8 gpm @
1
11.3 psi
2 19.8 gpm @
3 12.5 psi
4 1 ¼-inch p 13.7 psi
1 ½-inch
1 ½-inch
qk p
q3 5.6 13.7
q3 20.7 gpm
136
Third Sprinkler - Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor
–
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
1 ¼- 10 C = 120 12.5
2 17.0 5.6 19.8
inch ---- --
0.116
3 17.0 38.6 1.380 10 1.2
10 C = 120 13.7
3 17.0 5.6 20.7 1 ¼-
inch -- --
0.256
4 17.0 59.3 1.380 10 2.6
16.3
What is the friction loss?
What is the total flow? 137
Fourth Sprinkler Calculation
18.8 gpm @
1
11.3 psi
2 19.8 gpm @
3 12.5 psi
20.7 gpm @
4 13.7 psi
1 ½-inch
p 16.3 psi
1 ½-inch
qk p
q4 5.6 16.3
q4 22.6 gpm
138
Fourth Sprinkler - Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor –
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
1 ¼- 10 C = 120 13.7
3 17.0 5.6 20.7
inch -- --
0.256
4 17.0 59.3 1.380 10 2.6
BL2
KBL1 16.58
140
Branch Line 1 - Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor –
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
1 ½- 2T = 16 19 C = 120 16.3
4 17.0 5.6 22.6 Pe = 1 *
inch 16 0.4
0.219 0.433
BL1 16.0 81.9 1.610 35 7.7
13 C = 120 24.4
BL1 16.0 -- 3-inch
-- KBL1 =
BL2 16.0 81.9 0.1
3.260 13 0.007 16.58
24.5
What is the friction loss?
What is the new flow?
What is the total flow? Are there any fittings? 141
Branch Line 2
BL2 is identical to BL1 therefore the
K-factor from BL1 can be used to
calculate the flow. 5
81.9 gpm @ 6
24.4 psi 7
8 KBL1 16.58
BL1 qBL2 16.58 24.5
qBL2 82.1 gpm
p 24.5 psi BL2
3-inch
BL3
142
Node Elev. 1
Branch
Flow – Line 2 - Calculation Sheet
Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor
–
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
12.5 C = 120 24.4
BL1 16.0 -- 3-inch KBL1 =
-- --
0.007 16.58
BL2 16.0 81.9 3.260 12.5 0.1
12.5 C = 120 24.5
BL2 16.0 82.1 3-inch
-- --
0.026 0.3
BL3 16.0 164.0 3.260 12.5
82.1 gpm @
24.5 psi
BL1
9
Pressure
K-factor –
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
1 ½- 19 C = 120 11.3
9 17.0 5.6 18.8
inch
2T 16 0.014 0.4 Pe =
BL3 16.0 18.8 1.610 16 ft 35 0.5 1 * 0.433
BL3
12.2
Now determine the friction loss
Fittings?
Starting flow value is used:
q = 0.15 gpm/ft2 * 125 ft2 145
Branch Line 3
81.9 gpm @
24.4 psi
82.1 gpm @
Q
BL1
24.5 psi
K
9 P
BL2 18.8 gpm
18.8 gpm @ KBL3
12.2 psi
12.2 psi
p 24.8 psi BL3
KBL3 5.38
146
Branch Line 3 – Balancing Point
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor –
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
12.5 C = 120 24.5
BL2 16.0 82.1 3-inch q = 16.58
-- --
0.026 (24.5)0.5
BL3 16.0 164.0 3.260 12.5 0.3
182.8 C = 120 24.8
5.38
Fittings
147
Branch Line 3 - Fittings
BL3 to FF has an elbow, alarm check valve, and gate valve.
3-inch El – std 90 per Table 22.4.3.1.1: 7 feet
3-inch ACV – Viking Model J-1 per cut sheets: 10 feet
3-inch GV per Table 22.4.3.1.1: 1 foot
El and GV need to be adjusted for Schedule 10 pipe sizes.
4.87
3.260
L equivalent 8ft *
3.068
L equivalent 8ft * 1.344 10.7ft
148
Branch Line 3 – Balancing Point (continued)
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor
–
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
12.5 C = 120 24.5
BL2 16.0 82.1 3-inch q = 16.58
-- --
0.026 (24.5)0.5
BL3 16.0 164.0 3.260 12.5 0.3
ACV=10 182.8 C = 120 24.8 q = 5.38
BL3 16.0 26.8 3-inch
El=9.4 20.7
0.034 6.5 (24.8)0.5
FF 1.0 190.8 3.260 GV=1.3 203.5 6.9 Pe = 15 *
0.433
38.2
Friction Loss? 149
System Underground
main and riser
N 3-inch
Underground pipe is PVC. FF
5 ft
C-factor is 150 per Table
12 ft
4-inch PVC
22.4.4.7. (ID – 4.240 inches)
150
Underground – Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor –
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
ACV=10 182.8 C = 120 24.8 q = 5.38
BL3 16.0 26.8 3-inch (24.8)0.5
El=9.4 20.7 6.5
0.034 Pe=15 *
FF 1.0 190.8 3.260 GV=1.3 203.5 6.9 0.433
El 54 C = 150 38.2
FF 1.0 -- 4-inch
GV
CWM -4.0 190.8 4.240
5 ft
Gate valve – 2 feet
12 ft
4-inch PVC
(ID – 4.240 inches)
Long Turn
Elbow
42 ft
4.87
4.240
L equivalent 8ft * 1.51 * 15.5ft
4.026
152
Underground – Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor –
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
ACV=10 182.8 C = 120 24.8 q = 5.38
BL3 16.0 26.8 3-inch (24.8)0.5
El=9.4 20.7 6.5
0.034 Pe=15 *
FF 1.0 190.8 3.260 GV=1.3 203.5 6.9 0.433
El 54 C = 150 38.2
FF 1.0 -- 4-inch
GV 15.5
0.009 2.2 Pe = 5 *
CWM -4.0 190.8 4.240 69.5 0.6 0.433
41.0
Friction loss? 153
Hose Stream – Calculation Sheet
Flow –
Node Elev. 1 Nom.
this Fittings L (ft) C-Factor Total (PT)
1 (ft) ID
step (q)
Pressure
K-factor –
amount Elevation Notes
Total F (ft) Friction
Node Elev. 2 Actual & (Pe)
Flow length Loss
2 (ft) ID Friction
(Q) T (ft) (psi/ft)
(Pf)
El 54 C = 150 38.2
FF 1.0 -- 4-inch Pe = 5 *
GV 15.5 2.2
0.009 0.433
CWM -4.0 190.8 4.240 69.5 0.6
41.0
Hose -4.0 250
CWM -4.0 440.8
System demand is 441 gpm @ 41 psi.
Hose stream for OH1?
154
Water Supply
120
Flow Test
110 Summary Sheet
90 psi static
100
pressure
90
80
60 psi residual
pressure at 1000 gpm
Pressure (psi)
70
60 System Demand
190.8 gpm @ 41.0 psi
50
40
With Hose Stream
30
441 gpm @ 41.0 psi
20
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Flow (gpm)
155
Another Example
• Comparison of various sprinkler options for
protecting a Storage Occupancy
– Commodity: Computers in corrugated cardboard
boxes with appreciable plastic trim (Class IV)
• What are the options?
156
Comparison Example (continued)
• For comparison purposes all systems will be:
– Palletized Storage
– 20-foot Maximum Storage Height
– Installed per NFPA 13
– Wet Type System
– Class IV Commodity
157
Sprinkler System Comparison
(General Storage, Class IV, 20-ft high)
Sprinkler Design # Flow/
K-Factor Pressure Total Flow
Type Area Sprinklers Sprinkler
5.6 2000 20 39 48.5 900
Temperature Temperature
Ordinary
159
Reviewing Inputs
• Are the hydraulic nodes the same on the
calculation and the plans?
• Are the sprinklers used in the calculation the
same as on the plans?
• Are the pipes the same type, schedule and
size as on the plans?
• Is the water supply information the same as
the flow test or design basis?
160
Reviewing Inputs (continued)
• Check number of sprinklers in design area
• Check location of sprinklers to verify that the
most demanding area is being calculated
• Check the number of sprinklers in design area
on each branch line
161
Reviewing Fire Pump Inputs
• How does the software program treat fire
pumps?
– When the program only inputs one data point
(rated flow and pressure of the fire pump), there
will be variance from the actual fire pump curve.
– When the program inputs at least 3 data points, it
can produce the correct performance curve for
the fire pump
162
Reviewing Outputs
• Does the flow into each node equal the flow
out of the node?
75 gpm 50 gpm
25 gpm
Correct
163
Reviewing Outputs (continued)
• Check friction loss between hydraulic nodes
with Hazen-Williams formula
• Check equivalent lengths of fittings to make
sure that the C-factor and the inside diameter
adjustments have been made where
necessary
• Make sure elevation changes are recorded in
the pipes when applicable
164
Reviewing Outputs (continued)
• Check that the minimum density has been
met
– The design area used should be multiplied by the
density.
– The value in the hydraulic calculations should be
higher than the minimum density times area due
to pressure losses in the system.
– Typical systems run 10 to 20 percent above the
minimum.
165
Thank you for attending!