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• Motor action : produced by the flow of a small current through a moving coil
which is positioned in the field of a permanent magnet.
Rm
I - Im
Rc Rb Ra
I2
5A
I3 I1
I 10A 1A
+ -
Fig. 3: An Ammeter using Ayrton shunt.
Im
Rm
From figure;
I - Im
(Rb+Rc)(I2-Im) = Im (Ra+Rm)
Rc Rb Ra I2(Rb+Rc) - Im(Rb+Rc) =
Im [Rsh-(Rb+Rc) + Rm)
I2
I2(Rb+Rc) - Im(Rb+Rc) =
5A
ImRsh- Im(Rb+Rc) + ImRm.
I3 I1
I 10A Thus;
1A
Rb+Rc= Im(Rsh+Rm) / I2 (1)
Ra = Rsh – (Rb+Rc) (2)
+ - Rc = Im(Rsh+Rm) / I3 (3)
Fig. 3: An Ammeter using Ayrton shunt.
Example 2.3:
Compute the value of the shunt
resistors for the circuit. Given
that Rm = 1.2kΩ,
Im =150 mA,
0-5mA, 0-50mA, 0-200mA.
Ammeter
Circuit without ammeter:
(Iactual= current without inserting an ammeter)
Iactual= V
R
Circuit with an ammeter:
Im= V
R+Rm
The insertion error of an ammeter is defined as:
Example:
Using a 1mA, 100W PMMC movement, design a multi- range
voltmeter with the
following ranges: 0-10V, 0-50V, 0-250V and 0-500V.
What is the maximum voltage measurable by the given PMMC?
Im= 1mA ´ 100W = 0.1V
Therefore we need a multiplier for all ranges.
•A voltmeter when connected across two points in a
highly resistive circuits, acts as a shunt for that
portion , reducing the total equivalent resistance of
that portion.
Determine :
i) The actual voltage (before the meter is connected).
ii) Measured voltage using Voltmeter A.
iii) Measured voltage using Voltmeter B.
iv) Errors in both Voltmeter A and B.
v) Which voltmeter gives more accurate reading? Justify your answer.
FIGURE 2.9
SOLUTION
i) The actual voltage (before the meter is connected)
VTB= =49.24 V
iv) Errors in Voltmeter A:
Errors in Voltmeter B:
v) Voltmeter B gives more accurate reading. Since error in Voltmeter B is less than error
in Voltmeter A. High sensitivity voltmeter should be used to get accurate readings.
In order to measure ac current/voltage,we may
rectify the alternating current by using diode
rectifier to produce unidirectional current flow.
Rsh :
increase current flow through D1 during the +ve ½ cycle
diode will be operating in linear region
improve linearity of AC meter during measurement of low voltage,
but further reduces the ac sensitivity
D2 :
+ve ½ cycle = no effect (Reverse-bias)
(c) Sdc
Diode D2 and diode D3 conduct during the positive half of the input cycle
cause the meter to deflect according to the average value of this half cycle.