Lecture Notes 10.1

PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM, RADIUS OF GYRATION
& MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to: In-Class Activities:
1. Apply the parallel-axis •Applications
theorem. • Parallel-Axis Theorem
2. Determine the moment of • Radius of Gyration
inertia (MoI) for a composite • Method for Composite Areas
area.
•Group Problem Solving
Mechanics for Engineers: Statics, 13th SI Edition © Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap 2013. All rights reserved.
APPLICATIONS
Cross-sectional areas of
structural members are usually
made of simple shapes or
combination of simple shapes.
To design these types of
members, we need to find the
moment of inertia (MoI).
It is helpful and efficient if you can do a simpler method

for determining the MoI of such cross-sectional areas as
compared to the integration method.
Do you have any ideas about how this problem might be
approached?
APPLICATIONS
(continued)
This is another example of a structural

member with a composite cross-area.
Such assemblies are often referred to as
a “built-up” beam or member.
Design calculations typically require

use of the MoI for these cross-
sectional areas.
PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM FOR AN AREA
(Section 10.2)
This theorem relates the moment of
inertia (MoI) of an area about an axis
passing through the area’s centroid
to the MoI of the area about a
corresponding parallel axis. This
theorem has many practical
applications, especially when working
with composite areas.
Consider an area with centroid C. The x' and y' axes pass
through C. The MoI about the x-axis, which is parallel to, and
distance dy from the x' axis, is found by using the parallel-axis
theorem.
PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM (continued)
IX = A y2 dA = A (y' + dy)2 dA
= A y' 2 dA + 2 dy A y'dA + dy2 A dA
Using the definition of the centroid:

y' = (A y' dA) / (A dA) . Now
since C is at the origin of the x' – y'
axes,
y' = 0 , and hence A y' dA = 0.
Thus IX = IX' + A dy2
Similarly, IY = IY' + A dX2 and

JO = JC + A d2
RADIUS OF GYRATION OF AN AREA
(Section 10.3)
y A For a given area A and its MoI, Ix , imagine
that the entire area is located at distance
kx from the x axis.
kx
2
Then, Ix = kxA or kx = ( Ix / A). This
x kx is called the radius of gyration of the
y area about the x axis.
A
Similarly;
kY
kY = ( Iy2 / A ) and kO = ( JO / A )
x
The radius of gyration has units of length and gives an
indication of the spread of the area from the axes. This
characteristic is important when designing columns.
MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR A COMPOSITE AREA
(Section 10.4)
A composite area is made by adding
or subtracting a series of “simple”
shaped areas like rectangles,
triangles, and circles.
For example, the area on the left can
be made from a rectangle plus a
triangle, minus the interior rectangle.
The MoI about their centroidal axes of these “simpler”

shaped areas are found in most engineering handbooks.
Using these data and the parallel-axis theorem, the MoI for a
composite area can easily be calculated.
STEPS FOR ANALYSIS
1. Divide the given area into its
simpler shaped parts.
2. Locate the centroid of each

part and indicate the
perpendicular distance from
each centroid to the desired
reference axis.
3. Determine the MoI of each “simpler” shaped part about the
desired reference axis using the parallel-axis theorem
( IX = IX’ + A ( dy )2 ) .
4. The MoI of the entire area about the reference axis is

determined by performing an algebraic summation of the
individual MoIs obtained in Step 3. (Please note that MoI
of the hole is subtracted).
EXAMPLE
Given: The beam’s cross-sectional area.
Find: The moment of inertia of the
area about the y-axis and the
radius of gyration, ky.
Plan: Follow the steps for analysis.
[2] [3] [1]

Solution:
1. The cross-sectional area can be divided into three
rectangles ( [1], [2], [3] ) as shown.
2. The centroids of these three rectangles are in their center.

The distances from these centers to the y-axis are 0 mm,
37.5 mm, and 37.5 mm, respectively.
EXAMPLE (continued)
3. From the inside back cover of the
book, the MoI of a rectangle about
its centroidal axis is (1/12) b h3.
Iy[1] = (1/12) (50 mm) (150 mm)3
= 14,062,500 mm4
[1]
[2] [3]
Using the parallel-axis theorem,

IY[2] = IY[3] = IY’ + A (dX)2
= (1/12) (100) (25)3 + (100) (25) ( 37.5 )2
= 3,645,833 mm4
EXAMPLE (continued)
Summing these three MoIs:
4. Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 + Iy3
Iy = 21,354,166 mm4
Now, finding the radius of gyration:
ky = ( Iy / A)
A = 150 (50) + 100 (25) + 100 (25) = 12500 mm2
ky = (21,354,166) / (12500) = 41.3 mm
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: The shaded area as shown in

the figure.
(c) Find: The moment of inertia for
the area about the x-axis and
the radius of gyration, kX.
(b)
Plan: Follow the steps for analysis.
(a)
Solution:
1. The given area can be obtained by subtracting the circle (b) and
the triangle (c) from the rectangle (a).
2. The perpendicular distances of the centroids from the x-axis are:
da = 5 in, db = 4 in, and dc = 8 in.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
3. IXa = (1/12) (6) (10)3 + (6) (10) (5)2
= 2000 m4
(c) IXb = (1/4)  (2)4 + (2) 2(4)2
= 213.6 m4
(b)
IXc = (1/36) (3) (6)3 + (1/2) (3) (6) (8)2
= 594 m4
(a)
Summing: IX = IXa – IXb – Ixc
The radius of gyration: = 1192 m4

kX = ( IX / A )
A = 6 (10) –  (2)2 – (1/2) 3 (6) = 38.43 m2
kX = 1192 / 38.43 = 5.57 m

Lecture Notes 10.1

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PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM, RADIUS OF GYRATION

& MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

It is helpful and efficient if you can do a simpler method

This is another example of a structural

Design calculations typically require

Using the definition of the centroid:

Similarly, IY = IY' + A dX2 and

The MoI about their centroidal axes of these “simpler”

2. Locate the centroid of each

4. The MoI of the entire area about the reference axis is

[2] [3] [1]

2. The centroids of these three rectangles are in their center.

Using the parallel-axis theorem,

Summing these three MoIs:

4. Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 + Iy3

Now, finding the radius of gyration:

A = 150 (50) + 100 (25) + 100 (25) = 12500 mm2

ky = (21,354,166) / (12500) = 41.3 mm

Given: The shaded area as shown in

The radius of gyration: = 1192 m4

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