GEOGRAPHY

GEOSPHERES

ANTROPHO
LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
SPHERE

ECOLOGGICAL REGIONAL COMPLEX

SPATIAL APPROACH APPROACH
APPROACH

SPACE SYSTEM REGION

 TYPES
•SPATIAL PATERN •MANenvironment CATEGORY
•SPATIAL STRUCTURE HUMAN ACT env.
•SPATIAL PROCESS PHYSICAL (NAT.)env.
HIERARCHY
•SPATIAL ORGANIZATION PHYSICAL (ART.) env.
•SPATIAL INTERACTION
•SPATIAL TENDENCY/TREND
•SPATIAL ASSOCIATION

WHAT WHERE WHEN WHY WHO HOW

GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS
 2
SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES
SPATIAL PATTERN

 A. POINT FEATURES
… :. . . . . . . . . . . ......... ..

….
……….. …. ::: . …………… . . . . A ………
B
…….
…
…..
…..
..

…..
.…….
B .:.. : . …. ……. .. . . . .
……
….
….
…
….
…… C
.. …..
….. ..

. . . . . . . . . C ……
A . .. …..

C …….
. . .
B
. . . . . . . . .
. .. . . . . . . . . .
. ….
A
….
.... ……. . …
....... …….. . . ….. …. … .. .. . .. . …
.
……..
........ .:.. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . … …….

........ . . . . . .. .. . . . . … D
.. ..

CLUSTERED: RANDOM: SYSTEMATIC: CLUSTERED:

•A. High Density •(REGULAR) A.LINIEAR

•B. Medium Density B.SQUARE

Source: Whynne – Hammand,C. (1985) C.FAN
•C. Low Density Elements of Human Geography,
London, George Allen & Unwin D. OCTOPUS
 2a

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES

SPATIAL PATTERN

 B. LINE FEATURES
.

B A . .
A B
B
C .

.C D
A D
D F C
E
TRANSPORTATION
STREAM NETWORKS: STREET
NETWORKS: •A.Chain Pattern
NETWORKS:
•B. Travelling Salesman Pt.
•A. Dendritic Pattern A.Parallel Pattern
•C. Centre Oriented Pt.
•B. Prallel Pattern B. Spider-Web Pattern
•D. Circuit Pattern
•C. Radial c.f. Pattern C. Grid-Iron pattern
•E. Branching Pattern
•D. Rectangular Pattern D. Radial Pattern
•F. Branching Circulatory Pt.
 SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES 2b

SPATIAL PATTERN

 C. AREA FEATURES

A
A C
1 3
B D
2 5

EXPLICIT: IMPLICIT: IMPLICIT:

EXPLICIT:
•A. Trapezium of Triangles C.Rectangle of
•1. Triangle •4. Trapezium rectangles
•B. Triangles of Squares
•2. Square •5. Oval B. Triangles of
Various form
•3. Fan/Crescent
 SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES 3

SPATIAL STRUCTURE
 A. POINT FEATURES B. LINE FEATURES
………………………………………… …………………………………………….
………………………………………… …………………………………………… A D
A
………………………………………… ………. ………………… C
………………………………………… ......... ……………..
…. . . . . ……………… . D
. …………………..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ………………. . . A
B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .…………. . . C.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . B
. . . . . . .
B
. . . . . . . . . .
C
. B
. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
REGULAR: IRRREGULAR: REGULAR / IRREGULAR:
CONCENTRIC
•A. High Density •A. High Density •A. Spider - WEB
DISTRIBUTION:
•B. Medium Density •B. Medium Density •B. Grid-Iron
•A. High Density
•C. Low Density •C. Low Density •C. Branching-Irregular
•B. Medium Density
•D. Parallel
•C. Low Density

Xxxxx x x x REGULAR:
A B IRREGULAR:
………………..
X x x ……………. xx A = 40%
…….. …… 30%
x Vv
C. AREA FEATURES Xx
X
……… Vvvvv …….
…….. Vvvvvv …….
x B = 45%
X Vvvvvv ……. C = 15%
……. …… 45%
X Vvvvv ……
…… ……
Xx v x
Xx
……. ……
x C
…. …. 25%
Xx x x xxxx
……………
Xx x
X x xxx
 SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES 4

SPATIAL PROCESSES
 A. POINT FEATURES T2
B. LINE FEATURES T2
T1 T1
……………..
..... …………….
A1 . . . A2 …………
. ……. vvvvv
vvvvvvv
Vvv Vvvvvvv
C2
Vvvvvvv
Vvvvvv
C1
vvvvvv Xxxxxx vvvvvvv
vvv Xxxxxxxxxxxx vvvv
Xxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx A1 A2
Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
B1
Xxxxxx B2
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

CONTOH PROSES KERUANGAN: CONTOH PROSES KERUANGAN:

•A. Luasan tetap; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas tetap •A. Luasan bertambah; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas
•B. Luasan bertambah; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas tetap
bertambah
•C. Luasan tetap; kuantitas tetap; kualitas bertambah
T1 T2
……….
……………………….
………. CONTOH PROSES KERUANGAN:
A …………………….
A
………
………………… A = Luasan bertambah
……………… B = Luasan tetap, berubah sebaran
C. AREA FEATURES Xxxxxxxx
Xxxxxxxxxxxx
B
Xxxxxxxxxx B C = Luasan berkurang
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
C
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
C
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
 IDENTIFIKASI PROSES KERUANGAN
DIMENSI LUASAN KUALITAS KUANTITAS
FENO
MENA

1
2
3
4
FENOMENA GEOSFERA

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
 SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES
SAPTIAL ORGANIZATION (Hierarchic Perspective)

[A] POINT – FEATURES

. . . . .
. .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . .. . . .
. .
. . . .
. . . . . . . .. .
. . .
. . ... . .
. . . . .. . . . .

NON HIERARCHI OR BRANCHING HIERARCHY DIRECT CONTROL

CHAIN POINT SGT
1
1
[B] LINE FETURE 3
2 2 1 1
1 2 1 1
3
2 3 2
2 4 2
1 1 2
3 1 1
1 1
2 3 1
4
3 2
2 1 2
3 1
3 1

1
3
3
GRAVELIUS’ STREAM HORTON’S STREAM STRAHLER’S STREAM
ORDERS ORDERS ORDERS
 1
2 1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 1
4 4
1
2 2 3B 1
6
3
2
6 3 2 1
6 4 2
12 6
1
2

9
18

SCHEIDEREGGER’S STREAM SHREVE’S STREAM

ORDERS ORDERS

(C) AREA FEATURES:

Centre: Rank I boundaries of nth ORDER (order 5)

Centre: Rank 2 boundaries of n-1 ORDE (order 4)
Centre: Rank 3 boundaries of n-2 ORDER (order 3)
Centre: Rank 4 boundaries of n-3 ORDER (order 2)
Centre: Rank 5 boundaries of n-4 ORDER (order 1)
ORDER : is group or class of centers within a hierarchy. Exp.
First order refers to the group of smallest centers
RANK : Denotes the size of individual centers, in a system.
First rank refers to the largest centers
Source: Herbert and Thomas (1982). Urban Geography: A first
Approach. N.Y: John Wiley and Sons
 5a.1
SPATIAL INTERACTION CONCEPTS
A. STIMULI – RESPONSES CONCEPTS:
a. Urban Based Stimuli Interaction
b. Rural Based Stimuli Interaction
B. PUSH – PULL CONCEPT:
a.Between
a. Betweentwo
twospaces:
spaces:one
oneway
wayinteraction
interaction

Exp: Urbanisation (The flow of people

A B from the rural area to urban area)
Area of ORIGIN Area of
(Push Forces) DESTINATION
(Pull Forces)

b. Between two spaces: two – way interaction

C : Area of Origin
Push Forces Pull Forces
D : Area of Destination
C D
Pull Forces Push Forces C : Area of Destination
D : Area of Origin
 C. Within a Regional City 5a.1

a 1: Core Area / CBD

b 2: Inner of the City
c 3: Urban – Rural fringe
d 4: Rural Area
1 2 3 4
a Centripetal movement

b
c Centrifugal movement

d
a. Centripetal movement caused by centripetal
forces.
b. Centripetal forces comprise two forces,
I.e: push forces (the outer parts) & pull forces
(the inner parts)
c. The outer sections: areas of Origin
d. The inner parts: areas of destination
a. Centrifugal movement caused by centrifugal
forces.
b. Centrifugal forces consist of two forces,
I.e: push forces (the inner parts) & pull force
(the outer parts)
c. The inner parts: areas of Origin
d. The outer parts: areas of destination
 D. Within Inner Nodal System
Model: 1 (trips) Formula: 5b.1
(Pop.of i) X (Pop.of j) Pi.Pj
B 1 d.u
A Tij = _________________ = ____
100 100 distance between j&I d ij
100 X 100
TAB = ___________ =
2 distance 10,000
unit 1
100 X 100
TBC = ___________ =
C
100 5,000
2 variable functions as a (imiting)
Distance
TAB : Controlling
TBC = 2 : 1 Factors.

Interaction A – B is stronger than B – C, twice

E. Within Inner Nodal System
Model: 2 (trips) Formula:
(Pop.of i) X (Pop.of j)
B A
Pi.Pj 100 1 d.u 200
Tij = _________________ = ____
1 d.u
200 X 100 distance between j&I d ij
Mass variable functions as a Controlling
TAB = ___________ = Factors.
20,000
1
C
100 X 100 Interaction A – B is stronger than B – C, dou
100
TBC = ___________ =
10,000
F. Sphere of Influence (Law of Retail Gravitation) 5b.2
After: Reilly Formula:
d
DA-B = _________________
P
1 + PB
2000 PA
DA-B = The outermost limit of Influence Calculated
from A
A
PA = Total of Population A
Distance B – C = 55 du
PB = Total of Population B
Distance B - A = 80 du
d = distance between A - B
P
500

C
DA-B = 80_____ = 27
P 1 + 8000
8000
2000
PB-A = 53
B dC-B = 11
dB-C = 44
 A MODEL OF RURAL – BASED STIMULI
INTERACTIONS
VILLAGE (S) ACTUALISATION CITY (S)
(Source of Stimuli) OF INTERACTION (Source of Responses)

Demands for non Agric. Manufactured goods/ Development of new industries /

Products products Functional intensification &
rehabilitation

Demands for Experts/

Skilled Labour Development of
Experts in various field
appropsiate technology Educational Institutions
/ skilled labour
In agriculture, natural (formal/ informal)
resources,
Conservation,
preservation,home
Industries, etc)

Development of
Theatres, restourant,cultural
Demands for recreation Recreational
Centres, etc
facilities
Development of trans-
Demands for Trans- Horizontal Mobilities Portational structures
Portation facilities Of goods & people & means of
transportation
 A MODEL OF RURAL – BASED STIMULI
lanjutan
INTERACTIONS
VILLAGE (S) ACTUALISATION CITY (S)
(Source of Stimuli) OF INTERACTION (Source of
Responses)

Demands for The flow of studentas Development of uni-

Educational facilities from the country Versities, colleges,
sides High schools,
Training courses

Demands for more Development of health

Betterment of
Sophisticated health services centre
Villagers’ health
Care, etc / drug store, etc
 A MODEL OF URBAN – BASED STIMULI 7
INTERACTIONS
CITY(S) ACTUALISATION VILLAGE(S)
(Sources of Stimuli) OF INTERACTION (Sources of Responses)

Demands for Products Agricultural Development of specialty-

Productions agricultural
production

Part time farming /

Demands for labour Migration Labour concentra-
Tion in certain
season

speculation Land Selling &

Demands for land
Buying Transactions
(residential,commercial,
Industrial,transport,etc)
Urban sprawl Land Conversion

The betterment of socio- New centres

Economic condition development
 A MODEL OF URBAN – BASED STIMULI
INTERACTIONS
(lanjutan)
CITY(S) ACTUALISATION VILLAGE(S)
(Source of Stimuli) OF INTERACTION (Source of Responses)

Demands for buiding Building materials Sand/gravel/stone

materials productions Extraction/
Excavation/
Bricks ind

Natural resort
Demands for Recreation Recreational Activities, development /
& Refreshment Exp:Fishing, Natural Traditional culture
Resort, sports, etc development
(handicrafts)
 7a

SPATIAL INTERACTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS

NETWORK EFFECIENCY:
a. Connectivity : is the relationship between the number of
nodes & the number of links/unit area in a
single network.
b. Density : the number of links/unit area (the total
network length divided by the area it covers)
c. Extent : diameter index (the number of links used in
crossing in network from one side to another
at its widest point)
d. Fineness : the degree to wich a network’s individual
link’s have an effect upon areas through
wich they pass
e. Rate of Flow : Varied between networks
f. Technological
Characteristics F : it reates Beta Index= Total number of links
G largely to speed potentials
H Total number of nodes
g. Degree of Stress : varied between networks Konig number (u/ meneukur sentralitas)
h. Flexibility E: varied between networks = maximum number of links from
each node to the other nodes
Example: BRANCHING
D CIRCULATORY
I I NETWORK Shimbel number: Total number of
K
B each row
C J The lower the greater its centrality
L
 a.1

CONNECTIVITY MEASUREMENT
 the most common measure is BETA INDEX
Notes:
(1). The lower values of Konig Number, the greater its centrality
(2). The greatter values of connectivity, the more advanced its economy
(3). Beta Index: 1 = economic deviding line
> 1 = advanced economies
< 1 = backward economies
(4). The lower values of Shimbel number  the greatter its centrality

A B C D E F G H I J K L M Konig Shimbel
2 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 5 35
A -

B 2 - 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 5 35
C 1 1 - 1 2 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 24
D 2 2 1 - 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 25

E 3 3 2 1 - 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 30
F 4 4 3 2 1 - 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 41

G 4 4 3 2 1 2 - 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 29
5 5 4 3 2 3 1 - 2 3 4 4 4 5 40
H
3 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 - 1 2 2 2 3 24
I
J 2 2 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 - 1 1 1 4 23
K 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 - 2 2 5 34
L 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 2 - 2 5 34
M 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 2 2 - 5 34
TABLE OF SHORTEST ROUTES BETWEEN PAIRS
OF NODES (BY NUMBER OF LINKS)
(Source: Whynne – Hammond, C. (1987). Elements of Human Geography. London: George Allen & Unwin.pp.145-146)
 2
MATRIX DAN GRAPH CONNECTIVITY (2)
2
1
To 7
1 2 3 4 5 8
From 6
1 0 1 1 1 1 Exp: ada 5 titik dalam Transportation – network 1 3

2 1 0 1 1 1 9
10

3 1 1 0 1 1 5
3

4 1 1 1 0 1
5 1 1 1 1 0
5 4 4
∑ route maximal = 5 X 5 cell = 25 cells
ada titik yang berhubungan dengan dirinya (1-1;2-2;3-3;4-4;5-5) tidak ada
nilai route 0
∑ route = (52_5) = 20
Untuk m titik: ∑ route maximum = (m2 - m)
Apakah ini ∑ route maximal yang diperlukan pada suatu wilayah dengan
5 titik (m titik ?)
NO.  ada sejumlah “Redundent Routes” (Rute 1-2=2-1;2-3=3-2;dst)
Route riil = 1 dari dua rute parallel yang berimpit (1/2nya)
Jadi route maximal yang mungkin ada
1/2(52_5)=10 atau 1/2(m2_ m) atau Rmax = 1/2(m2_ m)
Exp. Untuk wilayah dengan 50 titik (lokasi)= 1/2(502_50)=1.225
DERAJAT KONEKTIVITAS

Dicerminkan dalam index Konektivitas

Diperoleh dengan membandingkan Rute Riil dengan Rute Max

C.I = R.ex
Rmax
CI = Connectivity Index
Rex = The exisiting routes
Rmax = The maximumroutes

Ada 4 kemungkinan:

(a). Absolute non connectivity = 0 = 0

1/2(m2_ m)
(b). Minimum Connectivity =
= 0 = (m-1) = 1 = 2
1/2(m2_ m) 1/2(m2_ m) (m_ m) ½(m) m
(c). Intermediate Connectivity =
= (Observed number of routes)
½ (m2_ m)
(d). Maximum Connectivity =
= ½ (m2_ m) = 1,0
½ (m2_ m)
Source: Abler, R; Adam.s,J.S; Gould,P (1971). Spatial Organization: The Geographer is View of The World.
N.J: Prentice-Hall.Inc. pp 259-260
SPATIAL ASSOCIATION
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
. . .
. .
. .
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . .

. Phenomenon x
. Phenomenon y
SPATIAL TENDENCY/TREND
XXX X
X
X XX X XX
X X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X XX
X X
X
X X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X X X X Phenomena in T1
X
X X X Phenomena in T2
X X X X
The tendency of movement
X
 ECOLOGICAL APPROACH
Theme:1 Theme:2
v1
V1
V8 v2
V2 v8

V3 Human activity: v3
V7 MAN:Cipta,Rasa v7 performance
Karsa,karya

v6 v4
V6 V4

V5 v5

Theme:3 Theme:4
v1
v1
v2
v8 v2 v6

Physico natural:
v7 v3 v5 Physico artificial: v3
Quality
Quality

v4 v6
v6 v4
v5
v5
 ECOLOGICAL APPROACH SERIES
System Analysis Applied to A Farm (Exemple 2)
Identification of the “working forces”
Physical Elements:
Climate Relief Soils Wealth
-Rain - rocks -water
-Heat - rivers -nutrients POSITIVE
Behavioral Innovation FEEDBACK
- wells
Elements invesment STABILIITY/
INCREASING

Pattern of farming:
Possible uses of land: -stock - fertilizer
Decision making process -organization - labour INCOME
Crops, livestock
-feed -machinemy
-seed -buildings
Human Elements:
Cultural & Economic Political
Historical
Factors:
-labour -capital - government STAGNATION
-technology-supply policy Chance DEGRADATION NEGAITIVE
-transport -demand -trading Elements FEEDBACK
-tradition -process block UNSTABILIITY/
-evaluation limitations DECREASING
-perception -strategic POVERTY
conside
Source:
ration Whyne-Hommand.C.,(1985) Elements 0f Human Geography.
London:Goerge Allen&Unwin.p.79
ECOLOGICAL APPROACH SERIES:
Man’s Relationship With His Environment
(Human Ecological Approach)
CLIMATE

Deforestation,
Borning of ffosil fuels,
Industrial developments, WEATHER
ATMOSPHERE Space exploration Cloud seeding, urban
Growth,mining

Scientific improvement
Pollution, deselination preparedness from meteorolo
Schemes,drainage,use of ice Gical forecasts, botanic discoveries
caps

SURFACE WATER FLORA&FAUNA

Reservoies, transport developments,

agriculture Clearance of vegetation,
Extinction of species,
conservation

Exploitation of Soil degradation,

Finite resources, Erosion,terracing,
Use of building fertilisation
materials
TOPOGRAPHY SOIL

GEOLOGY
 REGION

TYPE CATEGORY HIERARCHY

Formal/Homogeneous/
Uniform -region
• The 1st order region
• Single – topic region
• The 2nd order region
• Double topic region
The idea of homogeneity • The 3rd order region
• Combined topic region
• The 4th order region
• Multiple topic region
• The nth order region
• ad hoc region
• Total region
Functional / nodal /
Heterogeneous - region

Regional Complex Approach characterized by:

The idea of heterogenity • System
• Inter related ABC environment elements
• Spatial interaction

• Ruang : Wadah yag meliputi ruang daratan, lautan, udara sbg satu kesatuan wilayah, tempat manuasia & makhluk
hidup lainnya hidup dan melakukan kegiatan serta memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya.
• Kawasan : Wilayah dg fungsi utama lindung atau budidaya [wilayah yg mempunyia fungsi dan atau aspek
/ pengamatan fungsional tertentu]
• Daerah : Bagian tertentu dari permukaan bumi (general)
• Areal : Bagian tertentu dari permukaan bumi yang mengacu pada bentang luasan
• Region (wilayah): Daerah tertentu di permukaan bumi yang mempunyia karakteristik ttt (can be distinguished from the
mere areas)