Fun with Formulas!

IONIC COMPOUNDS
Naming and Writing Formulas
 METALS AND NONMETALS
Create this table in your notes and predict the charge of
its ion. For the anions, change the name to -ide
Metals Predicted Nonmetals Predicted Name of
Ion Ion anion
lithium oxygen
magnesium phosphorus
strontium sulfur
potassium fluorine
calcium chlorine
rubidium nitrogen
*silver Ag1+ selenium
*zinc Zn2+ bromine
*aluminum Al3- iodine
FORMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
• Ionic compounds are formed when electrons
are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal

• A compound must be neutral, meaning that

the charges must be balanced and equal
zero. The total positive charges must be
cancelled out by an equal number of
negative charges
• For Type I compounds, the charges of the
ions are known based on valence electrons
IONIC BONDING OCCURS DUE TO
A TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS
 FORMING NEUTRAL IONIC
COMPOUNDS
• Example 1:
• Na1+ + Cl1-
• 1+ is cancelled out by 1-
• NaCl is the formula

• Example 2:
• Ca2+ added to Br1-
• +2 added to -1 = +1 this doesn’t work.
• I need to add another Br- to balance it out
• CaBr2 is the formula
 MORE IONIC COMPOUNDS
3. Li + O

4. Na + P

5. Mg + S

6. Ca + N
• How did you do on Ca + N? How do you combine
atoms with different charges? What did you do
before when it was +1 or +2 combined with -2 or -1?
 NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
For each example #1-7, write the name of
the ionic compound that you formed.

• NaCl
• CaBr2
• Li2O
• Na3P
• MgS
• Ca3N2
 THE CRISS-CROSS METHOD FOR WRITING
FORMULAS
(IONIC COMPOUNDS ONLY)
Start by identifying the charge on each ion

-1

They become the subscripts for each

atom

If the charges are already balanced, there is no need

to criss cross (Ex: Ca2+ + O2- is CaO, not Ca2O2
 POLYATOMIC IONS
YES, YOU MUST MEMORIZE THESE. USE FLASHCARDS IF IT IS HELPFUL

• 1+ ions NH41+ ammonium ion

• 1- ions OH1- hydroxide

MnO41- permaganate
NO31- nitrate
NO21- nitrite
HCO31- bicarbonate
C2H3O21- acetate

• 2- ions SO42- sulfate

SO32- sulfite
CO32- carbonate

• 3- ion PO43- phosphate

 NAMING WITH
POLYATOMIC IONS
• Use the name of the polyatomic ion without changing it

• LiOH is lithium hydroxide

• CaSO4 is calcium sulfate

• Try these:
• NaNO3
• MgCO3
• NH4Cl
• Sr3(PO4)2
WRITING FORMULAS WITH
POLYATOMIC IONS
• Use polyatomic ions just as you would use any other ion.
Balance it to create a neutral compound by adding the
correct amount of the oppositely charged ion.

• Example: Li 1+ + SO42-
• +1 added to 2-, so you need 2 Li to make it neutral
• Li2SO4 Its name is lithium sulfate

• Example: Ca 2+ + OH –1

• +2 added to -1, so you need 2 of the OH –1 to make it neutral

• Ca(OH)2 Its name is calcium hydroxide
• Notice how the parentheses are used to indicate there are 2 of the
polyatomic ion.
RULES FOR PARENTHESES WITH
POLYATOMIC IONS
• Use parentheses when there is more than 1 of the
polyatomic ion
• Example: Mg + OH1-
• Determine the charge on each ion
• Then write its formula and its name
• ____________________ __________________________
• Did you use parentheses in this one? Why or why not?
• Example 2:
• sodium + nitrite _____________ _______________________
• Did you use parentheses in this one? Why or why not?
 MORE PRACTICE
• Au3+ + PO43- ______________ ________________________
• Ag + NO31- _____________ _______________________
• K + SO42- _____________ _______________________
• Ni 2+
+ HCO31- ___________ _______________________
• Cr6+ + CO32- _____________ _______________________

• Now, with a partner, look for the patterns exist in the

examples above. When do we use parentheses in
formulas or names? Try to come up with at least 3
rules that are always true.
• You have 5 minutes to come up with 3
rules that are always true about using
parentheses when writing formulas.
• Write them on the board but not in your
notes. We will clean up/correct and then
you will have time to write them down.
 RULES FOR USING
PARENTHESES IN A NAME
• What did you come up with?
• ______________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
• Except for:
• ______________________________________________________
 FORMULAS CRISS-
CROSS
• Now, finish the formula criss-
cross sheet. You have 15
minutes to complete this task. 
 TYPE II IONIC COMPOUNDS
• Type II ionic compounds are composed of a metal and
a nonmetal, just like Type I

• Type II metals are transition and other metals

• They are different because their cation has several

possible charges.

• Look at your periodic table. Find Fe. How many

oxidation numbers does it have? What are they?
 TYPE II IONIC COMPOUNDS
• Good! So Fe can form 3 possible cations
• Fe2+
• Fe3+
• Fe6+

• Once you know the charge, they work exactly like

other cations
Formula Name
• Fe3+ + Br1-
• Co2++ O2-
• V5+ + P3-
 PUT IT TOGETHER
NH41+ + PO43-
Ni2+ + CO32-
Mo6+ + SO42-
• Write 3 more of your own using your favorite
polyatomic ions (use different ones than I did)
1)
2)
3)
 WRITING NAMES FOR TYPE II
• We use Roman Numerals to indicate the charge for
type II cations

• Fe2+ is written Fe (II)

• Co3+ is written Co (III)
• Cu1+ is written Cu (I)
• Nb 5+ is written Nb (V)
• And so on..
• You will need to know the Roman Numerals for
numbers 1-8
HOW CAN I DERIVE THE CATION
CHARGE FROM THE FORMULA?
• This is the tricky part of Type II ionic compounds

• We use the anion and its charge to determine the

charge on the cation because anion charges never
change.

• There are no anions with multiple charges. (There are

no transition nonmetals, are there?)
 NAMING TYPE II COMPOUNDS
• Consider this formula: TiCl4
• To name it, we must determine the charge on Ti.
• Why? What type of metal is it?

• What is the charge on Ti and how can we figure it out?

• What’s the anion in this formula?
• What is the anion charge?
• What’s the cation?
• What is its charge?
Hint: use the fact that the charges must add up to zero to
figure out the cation charge
 MORE TYPE II COMPOUNDS
1. VCl5 _____________________________________________
2. CoO _____________________________________________
3. Fe2(SO4)3_________________________________________

• Stop here: is it OK to backwards criss cross to get the

charge on the cation? __________________
• Why or why not?
_________________________________________________
4. NiS _________________________________________________
5. CoOH_______________________________________________
 MIXED PRACTICE

Name Formula
6. Sodium sulfate
_____________________________
7 Mercury (I) hydroxide________________________
8. _____________________ CuCl2
9. _____________________ NH4NO3
10. Zinc oxide _______________________________
11. _____________________LiC2H3O2
NAMING COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
Type III Compounds
 MODEL KEY
Oxygen
(Carbon is black)
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Phosphorus
Chlorine
Fluorine (all halogens are green)
Sulfur
Metal atoms are grey
 IONIC AND COVALENT
BONDING
• Ionic "bonds" are very short in the model kits
• Single Covalent bonds are long
• Double Covalent bonds are very long in the model
kits but not in reality. formula
 WHY DOES IT MATTER?
• Your model kits represent reality, but not
perfectly
• Most models are not perfect
representations but they are still useful to
understand concepts
• They are especially useful for very large or
very small things (like molecules and
atoms)
 BUILD THESE MOLECULES AND
DRAW THEM IN YOUR NOTES

•H2O
•NH3
•NO2
•CH2O
•CH4
•H2O2
•O2
•PCl3
 NOW DRAW THESE!
• 2H20
• 3O2
• 2CH4
 NOW, BACKWARDS

• Draw the model you see in front of you.

• Write its formula in your notes

1.
2.
3.
4.
 TELL ME

• How is H20 different from 2H20?

• How is the subscript 2 different
from the coefficient 2?

• Write something meaningful in

your notes that explains the
difference between the two.
Formulas of Compounds:
RULES
1. Each atom present is represented by its
chemical symbol
2. The number of each type of atom is
indicated by a subscript written to the
right of the chemical symbol
3. When only one atom of a given element
is present, the subscript 1 is not written
 CONCEPT CHECK
• Look at the list of compounds you have build so far
• What are they made of? ______________ +
_____________

• What have you been building during this activity?

• ______________________

• Those are made up of _________________

______________
• When a compound is made up of only
________________, it is called a ___________________,
or ___________________ compound
 COVALENT COMPOUNDS
• The big idea:
• Covalent compounds are composed of only nonmetals
• In other words:
• Nonmetal + Nonmetal = covalent compound or
molecular compound

Because they are molecules

When naming, we call them Type III
 DIATOMIC ELEMENTS
• Some elements exist on their own as pairs of atoms bonded
together
• Di means 2
• EXAMPLES: Remember the term BrINClHOF
• This represents Chlorine (Cl)
• Br2
• I2
• N2
• Cl2
• H2
• O2
• F2

• Draw these diatomic molecules in your notes.

• When they bond with other atoms, they do not have to occur in
these pairs. This rules applies only when they exist alone.
 PREFIXES ARE USED
FOR TYPE III
COMPOUNDS
mono = one  
di = two  
tri = three 
tetra = four        
penta = five
hexa = six  
hepta = seven  
octa = eight
 
 NAMING TYPE III COMPOUNDS
• Use the prefixes to indicate how many
of each atom there are

• Example: 
• CO2 is carbon dioxide. 
• N2O5 is dinitrogen pentoxide
 TRY SOME ON YOUR OWN
Name Formula
• Phosphorus trichloride
_________________
• Carbon tetrafluoride ________________
• Xenon hexafluoride ________________
• _____________________ N2O2
• _____________________ PH3
• Diphosphorus pentanitride ___________
 MIXED PRACTICE
• Write the following names or formulas. Be careful to
use the correct set of rules for the atoms that are
present

cobalt (II) chloride______________________

TiO _______________________
Silver phosphate ______________________
ZnSO4 ______________________
ammonium nitrite ______________________
Fe2O3 ______________________
BONDING CHARACTERISTICS
AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Draw these in your notes. How are these two the same? How
are they different?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
IONIC BONDING OCCURS DUE TO
A TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS
 PROPERTIES OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS
Ionic compounds share some common properties

• Crystalline solids
• Brittle
• High melting and boiling points
• Strong forces attracting the ions within the lattice
• Conduct electricity in the molten or aqueous state
(electrolytes)
• Are often soluble in water or polar solvents
• Ions dissociate when dissolved
• Low volatility
 IONIC STRUCTURE
• Ionic compounds don’t form molecules
• Their units are called Formula Units
• A formula unit is the smallest unit of an ionic
compound that has no net charge (it is neutral)
• The structure is called an ionic lattice. The ions
are arranged in an orderly 3D structure
• How does this correspond to what salt actually
looks like?
 OTHER PROPERTIES OF
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Because of their lattice
structure, ionic solids are
brittle. They tend to
shatter if force is applied
to them. This occurs
because like charges are
placed in close proximity
to each other, and the
repulsion between like
charges causes the
structure to break apart.
 PROPERIES OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErKuW6d5_6k
 SOLUBILITY

http://
group.chem.iastate.edu/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashf
iles/thermochem/solutionSalt.html
DISSOCIATION OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS
 ELECTROLYTES &
NONELECTROLYTES

Ionic
compounds

Covalent
compounds
 4.2 COVALENT BONDING
• Covalent bonding occurs when atoms
share one or more pairs of electrons.
 WHY DO COVALENT BONDS
FORM?
• Covalent bonds form between nonmetals
to complete their valence shells
• The two nuclei are both attracted to the
shared pair(s) of electrons, but they repel
each other
• Formation of covalent bonds makes the
atom more stable, so energy is released
as covalent bonds form.
• The bond forms when energy (repulsion) is
at a minimum.
 PROPERTIES OF
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
• Covalent compounds, made only of nonmetals,
tend to share some common characteristics
• Low melting and boiling points (often negative
values)
• Form molecules
• May be soluble or insoluble in water,
• May be liquids or gases
• Do not conduct electricity in any state
(nonelectrolytes)
 COVALENT COMPOUNDS
• Remember, these are compounds made up of
only __________
• They form __________with covalent bonds
• Covalent bonds occur when atoms ______________
electrons
_________covalent bond = __ pair of electrons
shared
________covalent bond = ___pairs of electrons
shared
________covalent bond = ___ pairs of electrons
shared
 BOND LENGTH AND
STRENGTH
• Bond length: the distance between two bonded nuclei

• Bond strength: described in terms of bond enthalpy, is

the amount of energy required to break a bond

Short bonds are strong bonds

• Multiple bonds are shorter than single bonds
• Multiple bonds require more energy to break (higher
bond enthalpy
 BOND LENGTH IN
DIATOMIC MOLECULES
• Consider F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2

• Which do you predict to have the longest bond length?

Why do you think this is true?

• As bond length increases, bond enthalpy

Explain why in a few phrases or sentences.
 POLAR AND NONPOLAR
BONDS
• Polar
  bonds result from unequal sharing of electrons
• Electron distribution is assymetrical
• Dipole refers to the partial charges that result from
unequal sharing of electrons
• refers to partially positive area, refers to partially
negative area
• Polarity is determined by the difference in
electronegativity values. Difference between 0.41 –
1.79 is considered a polar bond.
 BONDING AS A
CONTINUUM
• All bonds have some ionic and some covalent character
• The difference in electronegativity indicates the degree of
polarity in a covalent bond.
• Bonding should be referred to by the following criteria
• Difference > 1.8 Ionic
• Difference between 0.1 – 1.8 Polar Covalent
• Difference of 0 (same atoms) Pure Covalent

• Difference of 0.2 is less polar than a difference of 0.8.

• Refer to polar bonds as strongly polar, weakly polar, or
ionic when appropriate.
DATA ANALYSIS: MELTING AND
BOILING POINTS
• How does bonding (ionic or covalent) affect the macro
scale properties of a substance?
• What predictions can we make about a substance and
its properties based on its bonding characteristics ?
• Data Analysis: Melting points and boiling points of
ionic and covalent compounds
BOILING POINTS
MELTING POINTS
 DRAW A CONCLUSION –
EXIT TICKET
• Based on the data tables and the melting
points/boiling points of covalent and ionic compounds,
what can you deduce about the relative strength of
the intermolecular interactions between covalent
compounds as compared to ionic compounds? Which
interactions are stronger- the ones between ionic
compounds or the ones between covalent
compounds? Explain your reasoning.
 INVESTIGATING IONIC AND
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
• Sugar and Salt Simulation on PhET
• In class, you will access the simulation by searching PhET
simulations and selecting Sugar and Salt Solutions
• Complete the activity and record your observations on the data
sheet
• Look for patterns and trends
• Conductivity Lab
• We’ll look at which compounds conduct electricity and which don’t.
We’ll also look at concentration and how it plays a role
• The ICE MELT CHALLENGE:
• How does this apply to real life? We’ll investigate how chemistry
solves real problems
• Tie Dying:
• Why are some dyes permanent and others not? Chemical bonding!
 4.3 COVALENT STRUCTURES:
LEWIS DOT DIAGRAMS
• Lewis structures are a simple way to represent how
electrons are shared in molecules
• They represent the valence shell only and can be used
to identify multiple bonds, resonance structures, and
polarity of bonds and molecules.
• Electrons are represented by either dots or x. (be
consistent)
 STEPS FOR LEWIS DOT
STRUCTURES
1. Calculate the total number of valence electrons
present
2. Draw the skeletal structure (how the atoms are
arranged)
3. Use a pair of dots in between each pair of atoms to
show a single bond
4. Add more electrons to complete octets (or 2 for He or
H)
5. If there are not enough electrons to go around, form
double or triple bonds
6. Check that total # of electrons matches Step #1
Ions work the same way, but you may have to add or remove electrons to
get the right charge
 LEWIS STRUCTURES

Pairs of shared electrons are connected by

lines. Lone pairs and nonbonding electrons
must also be shown
 LEWIS STRUCTURES
FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
• You can do Lewis Structures for ionic compounds, too,
showing the transfer of electrons and the resulting
electrostatic attraction between ions.
• Ions are shown with brackets
FORMAL CHARGE
 COORDINATE COVALENT
BONDS
• Most covalent bonds involve pairs in which each atom
contributes an electron.
• Coordinate bonds: bonds in which the bonding pair of
electrons originates from one atom.
• Using NH4+ as an example, try drawing H3O+
 RESONANCE
STRUCTURES
• When more than one possible location for a double
bond exists, a resonance structure is formed
• The # of resonance structures depends on the # of
possible locations for the double bond
• The true structure is known as a resonance hybrid (an
intermediate form in between the two, considered a
1.5 bond.
• Example: O3

• Other Examples: CO32-, NO31-, NO21-, and HCOO1-

 BENZENE RING
Resonance gives great stability to
the benzene molecule

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FQKHSDIB-YQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1#imgrc
=_
 ALLOTROPES
• Different forms of an element in the same physical state
• i.e. O2 and O3 are both gaseous oxygen
• Carbon has several allotropes, including graphite,
graphene, diamond, and fullerene
• Structure determines the physical properties of the
substance
• Graphite: Sheets held together by weak London
dispersion forces. (Pencil lead, it comes off easily under
pressure)
• Diamond: Crystal structure, each C bonded to 4 others in
a tetrahedral arrangement
• Fullerene C60: Each C bonded in a sphere of 60 C atoms
• Graphene: Sheets in which each C bonded to 3 others.
Can be formed into Nanotubes and fullerene (soccer balls)
GIANT MOLECULAR / NETWORK
COVALENT STRUCTURES
• Most covalent substances exist as discrete moelcules
• Some form crystalline lattice (like ionic compounds)
linked together by covalent bonds
• Network covalent structures are different from smaller
covalent molecules
• Carbon and Silicon form giant covalent and other
interesting/useful structures
• Silicon: tetrahedral structure in which each Si bonded
to 4 others (like methane)
• SiO2: 2 of the Si are replaced by 2 O
 MICROSCOPIC VERSUS
MACROSCOPIC

SiO2
 SILICON AND CARBON
• What do they have in common that might explain why
they form giant molecular crystals?
METALLIC BONDING
MORE ABOUT METALLIC
PROPERTIES
• Metallic bonding can best be described as a
“lattice” of metal cations surrounded by a “sea” of
free electrons.
• This occurs because the electrons in the outer shell
are free from their respective nuclei and can flow
from one cation to the next. They are no longer
bound to a particular nucleus.
• This gives metals their specific properties of being
ductile, malleable, and good conductors of
electricity.
• They conduct electrticity in the solid state.
• Metallic Properties YouTube
MELTING POINTS AND BOILING
POINTS OF METALS
IONIC COMPOUNDS EXTENSION
ACTIVITY
Using your color code
from the original fun
with formulas
activity, write a
possible formula for
this formula unit.
Then name it.
NOW THIS ONE

compounds

compounds
compounds

compounds