GPRS Basic

Principles

Mobile Network Planning & Optimization Dept.

已经换了体系这个是否要改?

routing area update 路由更新RAU

Location area update 位置更新LAU
请统一检查,整篇文档该名词出现50次左右
激活、去激活等名词翻译有出入
信令应该按照规范翻译(已经全部改正)
其他语法、单词拼写、用词错误大概50处,已经修改
Objective

You can be familiar with the following after taking this course.
• GPRS network characteristics and fabrication(是否structure更合适?)
• GPRS interfaces and protocols
• GPRS radio air interface technology
• GPRS work flow
• Evolution from GPRS to 3G
Catalog
GPRS Network Overview
GPRS Radio Interface Element(原理是否用principle更
合适?)
GPRS Mobility Management
GPRS Session Management
GPRS Data Transferring Process
Process of Evolution from GPRS to 3G
 GPRS Network
What is GPRS？
Overview

 GPRS － General Packet Radio Service

 Packet switch is most efficient way of using frequency in data
application.
 GPRS equals mobile plus IP, which is the integration of GSM radio
access technique and internet packet switch technique.
Production & GPRS Network
Evolution of GPRS Overview

 GPRS Production & Evolution

 GPRS is mobile packet data service based on GSM mobile

telecommunication system. GPRS system is a subsidiary of previous GSM

circuit switch system for fulfilling user’s demand as to use MS to access
internet or other packet data network.
 GPRS realizes packet data transmission by adding series of functional
entities based on previous GSM network. Newly-added entities and existing
entities after software upgrading constitute GSM-GPRS network providing
GPRS data service while existing GSM network providing circuit service.
 GPRS Network
GPRS Features
Overview

 GPRS features
 adapted to aperiodic bursty data service
 uplink and downlink can be asymmetrical. Data rate is changeable.
 flexible resource management style
GSM voice and GPRS data service share RR dynamically.
 MS has various mapping relationships with channels.
 One MS can has multiple data sessions simultaneously.

Coding mode(更换为Scheme ): CS-1～CS-4，data rate：9.05

～171.2kbit/s
 Major interface protocols (Internet，X.25和SMS) are supported.
 Shared GSM infrastructure to reduce network operation cost.
Charge fees based on data quantity.
 GPRS Network
GPRS Services
Overview

 Bearing service
WWW scanning, FTP, WAP and E-mail etc.
 PTP
Unconnected PTP service (PTP-CLNS) like IP
Connected PTP service (PTP-CONS) like X.25
PTM：GPRS provide in the second phase
PTM-M（multicasting）

PTM-G（group calling）
IP-M（multicasting）
 GPRS Network
GPRS Services
Overview

 Telecom Service
PTP: E-mail, electronic monitoring, online games
PTM：weather forecast
Mobile IP

 Complementary service
GSM phase2 supplementary service supported by GPRS
GPRS specified supplementary service
GPRS service & GPRS Network
existing service Overview

 Relationship with GSM SMS service

 Relationship with circuit switch service
 three network working mode
 three kinds of terminals

 conditions in which two services are applied

United GPRS & IMSI attachment and detachment
United router area & location area upgrading(应该为United
RAU&LAU)
B series MS suspension & restoration
GPRS network encourages the function of CS paging
 GPRS Network
GPRS System Message
Overview

System message1 System message 2

System message 3 System System message 4

message

System message 5 System message 13

GPRS Network GPRS Network
Infrastructure Overview

BSS
PSTN
HLR/AUC
Um
R/S

SMS-GMSC
MSC
PCU
SS7 Network

EIR Router R

SGSN Server
Border
Gateway Data Network
GGSN
GPRS (Internet)
Backbone Firewall
Inter-PLMN IP based
network
Firewall Router R

PTM-SC

GPRS Data Network Server

Infrastructure Firewall X.25

PCU Function
RLC/MAC layer function
 DL：PDU at LLC divided into
RLC data block
 UL：RLC data block
recomposed into PDU at (感
觉in更加合适)LLC layer
 PDCH UL & DL ARQ protocol
 Allocate UL & DL radio
resource
GPRS Network
Overview
Radio resource management function
 Channel access control
function such as access
request and access
permission
 Radio channel management
function such as power
control, congestion
control and broadcasting
control messages.
 GPRS Network
SGSN Function
Overview

Network Access Control Logical Link Management User Info Management

 Management of SG
 Authentication  Mobility
SN-MS logical links
encryption(更改为 information
 Acknowledgement or
ciphering)  Endorsement
unacknowledgement
info
 IMEI check
transferring

Path Management Path and Tunnel Transferring Charge Management

 SGSN-BSS data  Storage and transferring of  …

transferring path user data
management  Router selection
 SGSN-GGSN and  Address translation and
SGSN-SGSN path mapping
management  Package and tunneling
transferring
 GPRS Network
SGSN Function
Overview
Router selection
Network Access Control Mobility and session
and transferring
management
 Message  Mobility info
filtering  Endorsement
 Charging info info
collection

Dynamic allocate IP address Service Management Charge Management

 SGSN-BSS data
 Storage and  CG charging
transferring path
transferring of user data  Radius
management
 Management of APN charging
 SGSN-GGSN and
SGSN-SGSN path
management
 GPRS Network
HLR Function
Overview
 GPRS subscriber subscription data
 User authentication
 GMM or router selection information upgrading and
manipulation
Save and upgrade SGSN number and address of user service
GPRS user location deleting indication
MS availability
 user tracing (optional)
MSC/VLR subsidiary
GPRS Network Overview
function

 SGSN connection with MSC by Gs interface

(Gs interface is optional）
United IMSI/GPRS attachment & detachment
United location area & router area upgrading(United LAU&RAU,
因为应该为routing area,LAU也是这样)
Circuit paging coordination function

 Enhance radio resource utilizing rate

GPRS Support GPRS Network
SMS Overview

 SGSN connects with SMSC via Gd interface to

send SMS by GPRS
 SMS service effect on voice service
SMS resource can be shared
 operator can choose to transmit SMS either by MSC or SGSN
GPRS Network GPRS Network
Interface Overview

MSC/VLR HLR

SS7
A Gs
Gr
Gi IP Network
BTS BSC PCU SGSN GGSN
Gb
Abis
Gn Gn

Um GPRS
Gn Backbone
MS BG
Gp

SGSN BG
Gn
Other PLMN
GGSN

2018/9/28
Major Interfaces GPRS Network
Function Overview
 Um interface

Through which MS communicate with GPRS network supporting

functions such as packet data transferring, SMS(移动性管理应该为
GMM, GPRS Mobility Management ), SM and RRM.

 Gb interface
SGSN communicates with BSS and MS via Gb interface which
supports the function of packet data transferring, GMS(GMM) and SM.
This interface is a must in GPRS network.

 Gi interface
Gi interface connects GPRS with exterior(external) packet data
network. GPRS connects with PDN including internet or ISDN via Gi
interface. Operations such as Encapsulation, decapsulation,
address conversion, user authentication are needed on this
interface.
Major Interfaces GPRS Network
Function Overview
 Gn interface
Gn interface is interface between GPRS service supporting
nodes, i.e. interfaces between SGSN, between SGSN and GGSN, and
works based on GTP.

 Gs interfaces
Via Gs interface , SGSN together with MSC realizes the
function of GMM including united Attach & Detach, upgrading of
united router area & location area(operation of LAU&RAU). SGSN
will also receive CS paging info from MSC and transmit to MS
through PCU.

 Others

Gr、Gd、GP、Gc、Gf。
GPRS Data GPRS Network
Transferring Platform Overview
Application

IP/X.25 IP/X.25

Relay
SNDCP GTP
SNDCP GTP

LLC LLC
UDP/TCP UDP/TCP
Relay
RLC BSSGP
RLC BSSGP IP IP

Network Network
MAC MAC L2 L2
Service Service

GSM RF GSM RF L1 bis L1 bis L1 L1

Um Gb Gn Gi
MS BSS/PCU SGSN GGSN
GPRS Data Transferring GPRS Network
Platform Overview

 Physical layer
It’s categorized into radio frequency layer and physical
layer(physical link layer)
 Protocol of L1bis、L1、L2
There are no fixed regulations on that. Different manufacturers
may have different solutions.

 RLC/MAC
RLC provides reliable RL for upper service and MAC is
responsible for channel positioning and reuse. RLC and MAC
constitute OSI layer protocol with Um interface, and use service
provided by physical link layer .
GPRS Data Transferring GPRS Network
Platform Overview
 NS
NS realizes transferring function based on BSSGP which lays
on the basis of flame layer connection between BSS and SGSN and
passes through switch nodes of frame layer.

 BSSGP
In DL, SGSN provides BSS with radio information to realize
RLC&MAC function; In UL, BSS provides SGSN with radio information
gotten from RLC&MAC. BSSGP enables function of BSS and SGSN
management. This layer transmits router and Qos information
between BSS and SGSN without error correction function.

 Relay
Relay in BSS is relay LLC PDU between Um and Gb while Relay in
SGSN is to relay PDP PDU between Gb and Gn.
GPRS Data GPRS Network
Transferring Platform Overview
 LLC
LLC is reliable and protective logical link between MS and
SGSN and is dependent of lower layer radio interface protocol. It
has two transferring mode: acknowledgement and non-acknowledgement.

 SNDCP
It’s network protocol which is responsible for mapping,
compression, subsection, sequence and reuse. Main function include
reuse multiple PDP, compress or decompress user data and protocol
control information, partition N-PDU into LL-PDU or encapsulate
reversely.
GPRS Data GPRS Network
Transferring Platform Overview
 GTP
This protocol encourages data and signaling transferring between
supporting nodes of GPRS key network. PTP PDU PD should be encapsulated
with GTP.

 UDP/TCP
They belongs to transmit layer protocol , providing end-to-end
reliable link. TCP (connection protocol) provides with flow protection
and control function(flow control function) and guarantee the correctness
of data transferring while UDP (non-connection) is just the transceiver
of datagram without error correcting capability and not caring about
whether the datagram has been correctly received.

 IP
GPRS backbone network protocol is used for router selection and
signaling control. GPRS backbone network preliminarily use IP V4, later
will use IP V6.
GPRS Signaling GPRS Network
Platform Overview

GMM/SM GMM/SM MAP MAP

BSSAP+ BSSAP+
LLC LLC TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
Relay SCCP SCCP
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP MTP3 MTP3
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
MAC MAC Network Network MTP2 MTP2
Service Service L1 L1
L1 L1
GSM RF GSM RF L1bis L1bis Gs
Gr/Gf/Gd SGSN MSC/VLR
Um Gb SGSN HLR
MS BSS SGSN
MS-SGSN SGSN-HLR/EIR/SMS SGSN-MSC/VLR

Interworking
MAP MAP MAP MAP
GTP GTP
TCAP TCAP GTP GTP
UDP UDP TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
IP IP UDP UDP SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
L2 L2 IP IP MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1 L2 L2 MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gn L1 L1 L1 L1
GSN GSN Gc
GGSN HLR Gn Gc
GGSN GSN HLR

GSN-GSN
Catalog

GPRS Network Overview

GPRS Radio Interface Principle
GPRS Mobility Management
GPRS Session Management
GPRS Data Transferring Process
Evolution from GPRS to 3G
GPRS Logical GPRS Radio Interface
Channel Type Principle

CS
PDTCH/CS1
PDTCH/CS2
·Ö×éÒµÎñÐŵÀ
Âß¼-ÐŵÀ PDTCH/CS3
PDTCH/CS4

PS
PBCCH£¨ÏÂÐУ©
PRACH(ÉÏÐÐ)
PAGCH(ÏÂÐÐ)
PCCCH PPCH£¨ÏÂÐУ©
·Ö×é¿ØÖÆÐŵÀ
PNCH£¨ÏÂÐУ©
PACCH
PDCCH PTCCH/D£¨ÏÂÐУ©
PTCCH/U£¨ÉÏÐУ©
把里面的中文改成英文吧
GPRS Logical GPRS Radio Interface
Channel Type Principle

 Packet Data Channel (PDCH)

 include packet service channel and packet control channel

 Packet Data Traffic Channel (PDTCH)

 Unidirectional traffic channel：PDTCH/U，PDTCH/D

 Packet Control Channel

 Broadcasting control channel：PBCCH
 Common control channel：PPCH，PRACH，PAGCH，PNCH（send
notification message）
 Dedicated control channel：PACCH，PTCCH/U（to estimate TA），
PTCCH/D（send TA upgrading message）
Packet Logical Channel GPRS Radio Interface
Combining mode Principle

 Combination of logical channels

 Mode 1：PBCCH＋PCCCH＋PDTCH＋PACCH＋PTCCH
 Mode 2：PCCCH＋PDTCH＋PACCH＋PTCCH
 Mode 3：PDTCH＋PACCH＋PTCCH
 PCCCH = PPCH + PRACH + PAGCH + PNCH

 Service Volume
 When GPRS traffic is not intense, GPRS and circuit traffic generally share
BCCH and CCCH in cells. In this case, mode 3 is needed.

 With the accumulation of traffic

 Packet common channel is needed to be configured in the cell. Channel
combination is either mode 1 or mode 2.
 GPRS Radio Interface
MS Multi-slot Class
Principle
 Concept of MS multi-slot class
 Element: maximum receiving TSL number (DL TS), maximum transmission TSL
number (UL TS), and maximum TSL number
 Definition：level 1-29. multi-slot class get boosted as level mounts

 Factors affecting MS multi-slot class

 Whether transmit and receive can be done simultaneously
 Time for MS to make adjacent measurement, transceiver transmission and
reception preparation
 Frequency hopping affecting time range
 Target market thinning

 BSS should make best resource allocation according to MS multi-slot

class, Qos requested and current resource allocation condition.
MS Mobile GPRS Radio Interface
Capability Series Principle

 A series
 Can attach GPRS network and GSM network simultaneously and PS and CS
traffic can be conducted simultaneously.

 B series
 Can attach GPRS network and GSM network simultaneously and PS and CS
traffic can be conducted simultaneously. (怎么跟A类手机的描述一样?)

 C series
 Can’t attach GPRS network and GSM network simultaneously. Select
either PS traffic or CS traffic to conduct and unselected traffic is
in disconnected state.
Logical Channels ’ GPRS Radio Interface
Mapping Principle

52 TDMA Frames

B0 B1 B2 T B3 B4 B5 I B6 B7 B8 T B9 B10 B11 I

RLC Block
T = PTCCH,

I= Idle frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
B0 - B11 = Radio blocks

TDMA frame

Except PRACH and PTCCH/U, the unit of logical channels is Block with the
occupancy sequence is B0, B6, B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2, B8, B5, B11.
52 Multiframe GPRS RadioUM接口帧结构
Interface
Description Principle

 PDCH frame organization

 One 52 multi-frame includes 12 radio blocks

 In circuit domain, one TDMA frame is divided into 8 TSL

 TSL assigned to GPRS is PDCH

 Multiple TSL can constitute one PDCH group, each including 8 TSL at
most.

 Basic unit of radio resource allocation and radio transferring is

BLOCK.

 One BLOCK includes 4 TDMA frame which is the smallest unit of user
occupancy.

 Surplus 4 burst is used for measuring and reporting TA

 Multiple users scramble for these blocks, in this way the goal of
packet share is achieved.
CS Coding GPRS Radio Interface
Scheme Principle
RLC / MAC layer RLC / MAC header RLC Data BCS
Radio block
Convolutional coding

Puncturing

456 bits

Physical layer
4 bursts

Coding scheme Code rate Radio block excl. BCS BCS Tail Coded bits Punctured bits Bit rate
CS-1 1/2 184 40 4 456 0 9.05 kbit/s
CS-2 ~ 2/3 274 16 4 588 132 13,4 kbit/s
CS-3 ~ 3/4 318 16 4 676 220 15,6 kbit/s
CS-4 1 440 16 - 456 0 21,4 kbit/s
CS Coding GPRS Radio Interface
Scheme Principle

 GPRS defines four channel coding mode(Coding Scheme ) from

CS-1 to CS-4
 Data rate is 9.05 Kbps, 13.4 Kbps, 15.6 Kbps，21.4 Kbps accordingly.
 Channel coding of CS-1 is the same with that of SDCCH. C/I of CS-1 and CS-2 is the same
with that of voice service with the coverage of 90％－100％；C/I of CS-3 is higher；C/I of
CS-4 is much higher and favorable radio environment are required.

 Network will adjust channel coding mode based on real-time

monitoring of radio transmission
 Different TSL can select different channel coding mode
 When the quality radio transmission is good, it’s necessary to use more efficient coding
mode (Coding Scheme ).
 GPRS Radio Interface
PDTCH Allocation
Principle
 Concepts
 USF
 Control different MS to reuse Blocks on PDCH UL. USF is used in dynamic and
extensible media access mode. On PCCCH, one USF is used to mark PRACH(USF
equals to idle) , the remaining is left to 7 MS. (USF = R1/R2 … R7）

 TBF
 TBF is physical link used by RR identity to transmit LLC PDU unidirectionally
on PDCH. It’s RR allocated on one or more PDCH on which RLC & MAC blocks
carrying one or more LLC PDU are transmitted.

 TFI
 Each TBF is assigned one TFI, and it’s possible to use one TFI in different
directions. TFI assignment before LLC frame transmission. RLC & MAC related
to one specified TBF must include one TFI.
PDTCH GPRS Radio Interface
Assignment Principle

 Common Air Interface Physical Channel of

GPRS and GSM

 Three modes of RR assignment are:

 static assignment

 dynamic assignment

 extend dynamic assignment mode

 GPRS Radio Interface
PDTCH Assignment
Principle

GPRS
user 2
GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS
user 1 user 3 user 5 user 6

GPRS
Speech user 4 Speech Speech
call 1 Idle call 2 call 3

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7

CS PS PS PS CS CS PS CS
 GPRS Radio Interface
PDTCH Assignment
Principle

时隙7 P2 P1 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3
时隙6 P2 P1 P3 P4 P4 P5 C8 C8 C8
时隙5 P1 P1 P1 P4 P4 P5 C9 C9 C9
时隙4 P1 P1 P1 P1 P5 P5 P5 P5 P5
时隙3 C4 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 C10 C10
时隙2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
时隙1 C2 C2 C2 C6 C6 C6 C6 C6 P1
时隙0 C1 C1 C5 C5 C5 P5 C7 C7 C7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 时间

 P symbolizes packet channel(改为PDTCH) and C symbolizes voice

 GPRS Radio Interface
PDTCH Assignment
Principle

 Reason to use static PDCH

 Ensure that GPRS MS in the cell is on line
 Ensure Qos of GPRS service

 Reason to use dynamic PDCH

 GPRS and GSM share radio resource
 consider the best utility of radio resource with voice traffic as
the top priority
 The ratio of PS traffic and Cs traffic in one cell always changes
 Dynamic PDCH is unusable
Packet Data GPRS Radio Interface
Transmission Principle
25

Typical urban area with moving speed at 3 kil per hour

20

15 CS1
CS2
CS3
10 CS4

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24

C/I(dB)
Packet Data GPRS Radio Interface
Transmission Principle

B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11

B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11

B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11

MS1 MS2 MS3

 One PDCH can be used by multiple MS While one MS can use

multiple PDCH.
Packet Data GPRS Radio Interface
Transmission Principle

IP
N-PDU

SNDCP SN-DATA PDUs

LLC
LLC Frames
RLC
RLC Blocks
MAC RLC/MAC Blocks

GSM RF TDMA Bursts

 Each IP package can be divided into blocks on one or more SNDCP layer.

 each SNDCP PDU is mapped to one LLC layer.

 LLC Frame shall be transferred into many RLC Blocks.

 RLC Block together with MAC header are sent into air by 4 bursts.
Packet Data GPRS Radio Interface
Transmission Principle
RLC Blocks

RLC/MAC Blocks

TDMA Bursts

0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7

TDMA frame = 4.615 ms

= BURST PERIOD

4 x TDMA Frames = 4 Bursts = 1RLC block ~ 20 ms

Catalog

GPRS Network Overview

GPRS Radio Access Interface Principle
GPRS Mobility Management
GPRS Session Management
GPRS Data Transmission Process
Evolution Process from GPRS to 3G
Mobility Management GPRS Mobility
Concepts & Procedures Management
 Specified Procedures of Mobility Management
 Attach & detach
 Periodic location upgrading & router area upgrading(错误)
 Normal area location upgrading & router area upgrading(错
误)

 Unified Procedures of Mobility Management

 authentication
 P-TMSI reallocation
 ID identifier

 Connection Management Procedures of Mobility

Management
 Establishment of connection and release
Major Function of GPRS Mobility
Mobility Management Management
 General Function
 GPRS attach: establish MM context and MM state changes to be ready
 GPRS detach: delete MM context and MM state changes to be idle (either
MS or network initiates)
 Security function includes authentication, encrypt and identifier
verification etc.
 Location management include normal or periodical router area upgrading
and cell upgrading

 Network Function
 Work with HLR to erase GMM context.
 User data management
 MS class mark handling
 Work with MSC/VLR for united location upgrading(LAU) and united paging
etc.
GMM Status GPRS Mobility
Migration Model Management
IDLE
IDLE IDLE
IDLE

GPRS Detach
GPRS Attach GPRS Detach GPRS Attach or
Cancel Location

Implicit Detach
READY READY
or
Cancel Location

READY timer expiry

READY timer expiry or
or PDU transmission Force to STANDBY PDU reception
Force to STANDBY or
Abnormal RLC condition

STANDBY STANDBY

MM State Model of MS MM State Model of SGSN

 GPRS Radio Interface
GMM State Transit
Principle

 GMM State
 idle：GMM context isn’t established and MS is unavailable
 standby：GMM context has been established and MS can receive
paging but not transfer data; router area at which MS located
 Ready ：MS can transfer data and cell in which MS belongs to

 GMM context
 MS flag
 GMM state
 location information of MS (router area flag and cell flag)
 Serving SGSG location and VLR serial number (MS only)
 Encryption algorithm and authentication parameter
GMM Status GPRS Radio Interface
Transit Principle

 Idle（Idle）
When GPRS is in Idle state, GMM is not activated by the user.
There’s no effective location information or router information
concerning this user in MS and SGSN environment. In this case
MM is not supported.
Under this circumstances, MS makes selection and reselection of
PLMN and GPRS. Establish MM environment in MS and SGSN by
activating GPRS function.
GMM Status GPRS Radio Interface
Migration Principle
 Standby
In standby state, IMSI of the user in MM environment has been created in
MS and SGSN, and MS can receive paging message but not to send
packet data. In SGSN, if it receives response to paging from MS , MM
state migrates to Ready. And MM state of MS will return to Ready when
data or signaling transmit from MS. Accordingly when SGSN gets data
and signaling from MS, MM state will migrate to Ready.
MS can process GRPS detach function to enter Idle state.
 When Ready state timer times out
 SGSN know router information of MS
 MS can receive paging information
 MS can have router upgrading
GMM Status GPRS Radio Interface
Migration Principle
 Ready
In this state, information of cells in which MS belongs to can be found
in SGSN MM environment, and MS can transceive PTP PDU. Ready
state is monitored by a counter and MM environment will migrate from
Ready to Standby. MS can invoke GPRS traffic detach function to
realize the migration from Ready to Idle.
 When GPRS attach is completed
 SGSN know CELL ID of MS
 MS can transceive PTP data
 MS can have cell upgrading function
GPRS Attach GPRS Radio Interface
Procedure Principle
new old
MS BSS new SGSN old SGSN GGSN EIR MSC/VLR HLR MSC/VLR

1. Attach Request
2. Identification Request

2. Identification Response
3. Identity Request

3. Identity Response

4. Authentication

5. IMEI Check

6a. Update Location

6b. Cancel Location

6c. Cancel Location Ack

6d. Insert Subscriber Data

6e. Insert Subscriber Data Ack

6f. Update Location Ack

7a. Location Update Request

7b. Update Location

7c. Cancel Location

7d. Cancel Location Ack

7e. Insert Subscriber Data

7f. Insert Subscriber Data Ack

7g. Update Location Ack

7h. Location Update Accept
8. Attach Accept

9. Attach Complete
10. TMSI Reallocation Complete
GMM Authentication GPRS Radio Interface
Procedures Principle

MS BSS SGSN HLR

1. Send Authentication Info

1. Send Authentication Info Ack GMM

2. Authentication and Ciphering Request
authentication
2. Authentication and Ciphering Response
procedure

MS BSS SGSN EIR

Identity Request

Identity Response
GMM
Check IMEI
Identifier
Check IMEI Ack
verification
Detach Signaling GPRS Radio Interface
Procedures Principle

MS BSS SGSN GGSN MSC/VLR MS BSS SGSN GGSN MSC/VLR

1. Detach Request 1. Detach Request
2. Delete PDP Context Request
2. Delete PDP Context Request
2. Delete PDP Context Response
2. Delete PDP Context Response
3. IMSI Detach Indication
3. GPRS Detach Indication
4. GPRS Detach Indication
4. Detach Accept
5. Detach Accept

MS originate SGSN originate

MS BSS SGSN GGSN HLR MSC/VLR

1. Cancel Location
2. Detach Request
3. Delete PDP Context Request

3. Delete PDP Context Response

4. GPRS Detach Indication

5. Detach Request
6. Cancel Location Ack

HLR originate
 GPRS Radio Interface
Location Management
Principle

 Cell upgrading (错误) : cell identifier changes and router

identity unchanged
 Router area upgrading: router area identity changes (错误)
 Router area upgrading in SGSN(错误)
 router upgrading (错误) cross-SGSN

 United upgrading of router area & location area (错误)

 United RA/LA upgrading in SGSN (错误)
 RA/LA upgrading cross-SGSN (错误)

 Periodic location upgrading (错误)

Router Upgrading GPRS Radio Interface
Procedure（Intra SGSN） Principle

MS BSS SGSN

1. Routing Area Update Request

2. Security Functions

3. Routing Area Update Accept

4. Routing Area Update Complete

Router Upgrading GPRS Radio Interface
Procedures（Inter SGSN） Principle
MS BSS new SGSN old SGSN GGSN HLR MSC/VLR

1. Routing Area Update Request

2. SGSN Context Request

2. SGSN Context Response

3. Forward Packets
4. Security Functions

5. Update PDP Context

Request
5. Update PDP Context Response

6. Update Location

7. Cancel Location

7. Cancel Location Ack

8. Insert Subscriber Data

8. Insert Subscriber Data Ack

9. Update Location Ack

10. Location Updating Request

10. Location Updating Accept

11. Routing Area Update Accept

12. Routing Area Update Complete

United Location GPRS Radio Interface
Upgrading Procedure Principle
new old
MS BSS new SGSN old SGSN GGSN MSC/VLR HLR MSC/VLR

1. Routeing Area Update Request

2. SGSN Context Request

2. SGSN Context Response

3. Security Functions

4. SGSN Context Acknowledge

5. Forward Packets

6. Update PDP Context Request

6. Update PDP Context Response

7. Update Location

8. Cancel Location

8. Cancel Location Ack

9. Insert Subscriber Data

9. Insert Subscriber Data Ack

10. Update Location Ack

11. Location Update Request

12a. Update Location
12b. Cancel Location

12c. Cancel Location Ack

12d. Insert Subscriber Data

12e. Insert Subscriber Data Ack

12f. Update Location Ack

13. Location Update Accept
14. Routeing Area Update Accept

15. Routeing Area Update Complete

16. TMSI Reallocation Complete
Cell Upgrading GPRS Radio Interface
Procedures Principle

1.
1.

BSC SGSN
RA1

From one cell to

another in the
same RAC 1. Send LLC PDU
Catalog

GPRS Network Overview

GPRS Radio Interface Principle
GPRS Mobility Management
GPRS Session Management
GPRS Data Transferring Process
Evolution from GPRS to 3G
 GPRS Session
SM Concept
Management

 There is one or multiple PDP address in GPRS authentication

data with each PDP address corresponding to one PDP context

 SM management entity: SGSN、GGSN和MS

 PDP content：

 PDP type, address (dynamic and static) and status

 APN

 NSAPI

 Activated(Activate) and inactivated(deactivate)(这两个词语

在本章节频繁出现，请检查)

 Exclusive correlation between PDP context and MM context

PDP Context Status GPRS Session
Migration Management

INACTIVE

Deactivate PDP Context

Activate PDP or
Context MM state change to IDLE
or PMM-DETACHED

ACTIVE
Function of SM GPRS Session
Management Management
 PDP context activation: either MS or network originates this
function and PDP context status migrates to ACTIVE
 Authentication
 SGSN gets GGSN address through analysis of APN
 QoS negotiation, address assignment and start charging etc.

 PDP context modification

 Execute this process when some parameters (serving SGSN, Qos) in PDP
context need to be changed.

 PDP context deactivation

 Either MS or network originates and PDP context status migrates to INACTIVE
 Delete PDP context
 Retrieve dynamic PDP address

 Second activation
 在一个PDP地址上可以有多个通过而起激活流程产生的PDP上下文，这些上下文用TFT进
行区分和标识(漏翻译)
PDP Activation Process： GPRS Session
MS Originate Management
MS SGSN GGSN

1. Activate PDP Context Request

2. Security Functions
3. Create PDP Context Request
MS
3. Create PDP Context
Response
4. Activate PDP Context Accept originate

MS SGSN HLR GGSN

1. PDP PDU

2. Send Routeing Info for GPRS

2. Send Routeing Info for GPRS Ack

Network
3. PDU Notification Request

3. PDU Notification Response

originate
4. Request PDP Context Activation

5. PDP Context Activation procedure

 GPRS Session
PDP Context Deactivation
Management
MS SGSN GGSN

1. Deactivate PDP Context Request

2. Security Functions
3. Delete PDP Context Request
MS originate
3. Delete PDP Context Response

4. Deactivate PDP Context Accept

MS SGSN GGSN

1. Delete PDP Context Request

2. Deactivate PDP Context Request GGSN originate

2. Deactivate PDP Context Accept
3. Delete PDP Context Response
PDP Context GPRS Session
Activation Scene - 1 Management

HLR  MS sends “PDP activation

request” (Activate PDP Context
BTS BSC
SS7 Request,这段需要结合信令原语翻
1.
译,不能有出入)toSGSN
SGSN
 SGSN verify user data
DNS
APN
Access
GPRS  dynamic & static IP address
Core Point
Network Intranet
GGSN

Internet
PDP Context GPRS Session
Activation Scene - 2 Management

 SGSN gets GGSN address

BTS BSC from DNS

 SGSN sends “setup PDP

SGSN
context request” (Create PDP

1. DNS context Request) to GGSN

GPRS Access
Core Point
2. Network Intranet

GGSN

Internet
PDP Context GPRS Session
Activation Scene - 3 Management
 external data network wanted by APN identity
user
 Dynamic address is assigned by GGSN interior
BTS BSC IP address pool or exterior DHCP server
 GGSN returns “ establish PDP context
2.
SGSN response” (Create PDP context Response) to
SGSN
 SGSN return “activate PDP context” (Create
GPRS
Core
Network PDP context Accept) to MS
GGSN  SGSN can establish router between MS and
Intranet
1. GGSN

Internet
Catalog

GPRS Network Overview

GPRS Radio Interface Principle
GPRS Mobility Management
GPRS Session Management
GPRS Data Transferring Process
Evolution from GPRS to 3G
 GPRS Data Transferring
UL TBF Access
Process
 TBF establishment process on the following
channels
 CCCH

 PCCCH

 PACCH

 Access Mode
ONE PHASE

 means network assigns adequate resource one time upon network

receiving channel request.

TWO PHASE

 means network assigns single RLC & MAC block the first time and assign
corresponding RR upon MS’s specific request.(资源请求为Packet resource
request)
CCCH GPRS Data Transferring
One-phase Access Process
MS Network

Packet Channel Request

PRACH or RACH

Packet Immediate Assignment

PAGCH or AGCH

Uplink Data (TLLI)

PDTCH

Uplink Data (TLLI)

PDTCH

Uplink Data (TLLI)

PDTCH
......

Packet Uplink Ack/Nack

PACCH

Uplink Data
PDTCH
CCCH GPRS Data Transferring
Two-phase Access Process

MS Network

Packet Channel Request

PRACH or RACH

Packet Immediate Assignment

PAGCH or AGCH

Packet Resource Request

PACCH

Packet Resource Assignment

PACCH

Uplink Data
PDTCH

Uplink Data
PDTCH
GPRS GPRS Data Transferring
UL Data Transferring Process
MS BSS SGSN

Access and Assignment

PDTCH Data Block

PDTCH Data Block

PDTCH Data Block (last in send window)

PACCH Packet Uplink Ack/Nack

PDTCH Data Block

PDTCH Data Block

PACCH Packet Uplink Assignment

Data Block
PACCH

Data Block (last)

PDTCH
LLC PDU
final Packet Ack/Nack
PACCH
 GPRS Data Transferring
GPRS Paging
Process

MS Network
Packet Paging Request
PPCH or PCH

Packet Channel Request

PRACH or RACH

Packet Immediate Assignment

PAGCH or AGCH

Packet Paging Response (LLC frame)

PACCH
GPRS DL Data GPRS Data Transferring
Transferring Process
MS Network SGSN

LLC PDU
Immediate Assignment
AGCH

Packet Downlink Assignment

PACCH
Data Block
PDTCH
Data Block
PDTCH
Data Block (polling)
PDTCH
Packet Downlink Ack/Nack
PACCH

Data Block
PDTCH

Data Block
PDTCH
Packet Downlink Assignment
PACCH
Data Block
PDTCH
Data Block (last, polling)
PACCH

final Packet Ack/Nack

PACCH
Obtain TA in GPRS Data
GPRS Data Transferring Transferring Process

 TA Initialization
 Initial TA value isn’t contained in Immediate Assignment message,
indicating UL data transmission will not be conducted before TA value is
gotten from TA upgrading

 System sends Packet Polling Message requesting MS to send access burst

for computing of initial TA value

 Use default TA value as initial TA for cell radius is not great.

 Continuous TA upgrading
 Upgrade once every(不知道这种语法对否?) 8x52multi-frame (1920ms,
approximately 2 second)
Constant TA GPRS Data Transferring
Upgrading Process Process

416 TDMA frames

TAI 26 TDMA frames

Uplink: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Downlink: TA message 1 TA message 2 TA message 3 TA message 4

Idle frame

 For UL & DL data transferring, TAI will be gotten upon getting PDCH. TAI is from
0 to 15 and indicates 16 idle frame location of constant 8*52 multi-frame.
 On UL channel, MS sends access burst on Idle frame assigned by specified TAI. On
DL, corresponding idle frame sends TA Message.
Power Control in GPRS Data
GPRS Transferring Process Transferring Process

 MS UL transmission power formula（power unit(“值”应该用value更加合适)

is dBM）
P = min(0 - CH -  * (C + 48), PMAX)
 CH is power control parameter(control information) constant through control message from network
to MS related to MS and channels,
 0 is a constant and the value is 39dBm in the case GSM900 and 36dBm in the case of DCS1800 ；
 ：is notified to MS by control message of BCCH or RLC , and is a weighting factor of receiving
factor when MS computing TxPwr with the value of 0~1.
 C：standardized value of MS receiving signaling level.
 PMAX is maximum transmission power allowed in cell and the value is
GPRS_MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH when PBCCH exists otherwise it is MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH
GPRS GPRS
Data Transferring Graph Data Transferring Process

BSC BTS
BTS BSC

SGSN
Inter-PLMN
Backbone
SGSN Network Intra-PLMN
BG Backbone
Intra-PLMN Network
HPLMN Backbone BG VPLMN
GGSN
Network

Server
GGSN Data
Network
Catalog

GPRS Network Overview

GPRS Radio Interface Principle
GPRS Mobility Management
GPRS Session Management
GPRS Data Transferring Process
Evolution from GPRS to 3G
Concepts Evolution
of GPRS & EDGE from GPRS to 3G

GPRS = General Packet Radio System

EGPRS = GPRS + EDGE modulation

EDGE = Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution

GPRS Evolution
Development & Application from GPRS to 3G

修改为英文吧?这个图不难画
Channel Coding
Evolution of GPRS to 3G
of GPRS& EDGE
GPRS Evolution
Evolution from GPRS to 3G

According to tradition, GSM-GPRS-EDGE-WCDMA is the right path

from GSM to 3G. But in GSA case, EDGE parallels WCDMA. i.e the
roll of EDGE changes in evolution from one stop(step) to the
destination. According to the definition of 3G set by ITU,
384kbps is the criterion of 3G. Theoretically EDGE rate reaches
473.6kbps, So for small or middle sized operators without 3G
license, EDGE is their destination.
 Evolution
GPRS Evolution
from GPRS to 3G