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• Formula
• Bid(Rs/$)=1/Ask($/Rs)or
• Ask(Rs/$)=1/Bid ($/Rs)or
• Take the inverse of each rate (bid and
ask) and switch them around.
• Ex:INR/USD 40.25-41.35
• 1/40.25 1/41.35
• USD/INR =0.0248 =.02418
PROBLEM
• CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING
QUOTATIONS IN MUMBAI
• Rupee/UAE Dirham(AED)=12.69
• Rupee/Swedish kroner(SEK)=5.49
• Rupee/New Zealand Dollar(NZD)=25.35
• Euro/INR=0.0198
• Compute a)The quote for SEK/AED
• b) Euro/NZD
Solutions
• A)SEK/AED=SEK/INR*INR/AED=.18*12.6
9
• =1 AED
• B)
EURO/NZD=EURO/Re*Re/NZD=.0198*25
.35=.50
SPOT RATE
• RATE OF EXCHANGE FOR IMMEDIATE
SETTLEMENT
• IT IS SETTLED ON THE SECOND WORKING
DAY
• SATURDAY AND SUNDAY ARE HOLIDAYS
• EX:SPOT RATE:Rs./$40.35-41.36 SUPPOSING
YOU HAVE 124000 DOLLAR RECEIVED ON
THURSDAY THE BANK WILL SETTLE
124000*40.35=50,03,400 ON THE FOLLOWING
MONDAY.
FORWARD RATE
• RATE CONTRACTED TODAY FOR
EXCHANGE OF CURRENCIES AT A
SPECIFIED FUTURE DATE
• THERE IS A FORWARD BID AND
FORWARED ASK
• CASH DELIVERY-ON THE SAME DAY
• TOM DELIVERY-ON WORKING DAY ON
THE FOLLOWING DAY
APPRICIATION AND
DEPRECIATION
• IF F>S IN A DIRECT QUOTE THE FOREIGN
CURRENCY IS APPRECIATING
• Home depreciate
• Indirect quote: Foreign depreciates and HOME
APPRECIATES
• Ex: 1. SPOT: SGD .O370=Re 1
• IN SINGAPORE ; FORWARD RATE THREE MONTHS
HENCE 0.0360
• SGD APPRECIATES OR DEPRECIATES?
• SPOT USD 1.5865= 1 POUND IN UK. FORWARD 1
MONTH 1.5833 .
• ?DEPRECIATE OR APPRICIATE
SWAP POINTS
• DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SPOT BID AND
FORWARD BID OR SPOT ASK AND
FORWARD ASK
• ?DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SPREAD AND
SWAP POINTS
FORWARD RATE, PREMIUM
AND DISCOUNT
• IF SWAP ASK> SWAP BID-FOREIGN
CURRENCY IS APPRECIATING HENCE
ADD SWAP POINTS
• IF SWAP ASK <SWAP BID FOREIGN
CURRENCY IS DEPRECIATING. HENCE
DEDUCT THE SWAP POINTS.
Arbitrage
• Act of buying currency in one market at
lower prices and selling it in another at
higher price.
• It helps the arbitrageurs in the market to
earn profit without risk
• It is a balancing operations that do not
allow the same currency to have varying
rates in different forex markets.
Types of arbitrage
• Geographical
• Triangular arbitrage
Geographical arbitrage
• Different prices quoted in two geographical
markets for the same currency
• Tokyo and London
• 1.Observe the following:
• Rs/US $
• London Rs.: 42.5730--42.61
• Tokyo $: 42.6750 -- 42.6675
• Can make money out of it?
• Buy at London market at 42.6100 and sell the
same at Tokyo market for Rs.42.6350.
• Suppose you buy from London for 100 million
Rupees you can get 100 million
/42.61=$2,346,866.932
• Sell $ 2,346,866.932 in Tokyo market at Rs.
42.6350 gives Rs.100,058,671.16
• There are transaction costs involved.
• Note: selling price of one market should be
higher than buying price of another market.
Exercise-2
• The following are three quotes in three
forex markets
1$=Rs.48.3011 in Mumboi
1pound=Rs.77.1125 in London
1Pound=$1.6231 in Newyork.
Are there any arbitrage gains possible?
Assume there are no transaction costs
and the arbitrageaur has $1,000,000.
Answer-2
• The cross rate between Mumboi and London
with respect to$/pound=77.1125/48.3011
• =$1.5965/pound
• But in newyork the price is quoted $1.6231
• There is an opportunity to earn by buing indian
rupee in in Mumboi market and convert them
into pounds in London Market
• Then convert pounds into dollors in NewYork
market.
Answer-2 continues
• Rs.48.3011X 1 million
dollor=Rs.48,301,100
• Pounds=48,301,100/77.1125=626,371.85
92
• Dollors=626,371.8592X1.6231
=$1,016,664.164.
The gain=$16,664.164.
Exercise-3: arbitrage in forward
market
• Determine arbitrage gain from the
following data:
• Spot rate Rs.78.10/pound
• 3 month forward rate Rs.78.60/pound
• 3 month interest rates:
Rupees: 5%; British pound :9%
Assume Rs10 million borrowings or pound
200,000 as the case may be.
Answer-3
• Since forward rate is higher than the spot
rate pound is at a premium.
• Percentage premium = (78.60-
78.10)X12X100/(78.10X3)=2.56%
• Interest rate differential =9%-5%=4%
• This helps to borrow from Indian market
and invest today in pounds in the spot
market
Method -2
• 1.Borrow in Uk and invest such pounds
after converting them into rupees in India
• 2.After three months re convert the rupees
including the interest into pounds at forward
rate
• 3.Deduct the loan including interest from
step –2
• If step-2 is more than step-3 there is a gain.
Exercise-4
• Spot rate=78.10; interest rates India-5%;
interest rate in UK-9% (pounds); At what
forward rate the arbitrage is not possible?
Answer-4
• Spot rate =78.10
• Add: 4% premium for three month
period(78.10 X 4/100) X3/12=0.781
• Forward rate= 78.10-0.781=77.319
• What is the principle used?
Principle
• The arbitrageur earns 4% extra interest to
pay 4% forward premium yielding him no
gain.
Exercise-5
• Spot rate-78.10; forward rate for three
months-Rs.77.50; rate of interest for
pounds-6% for three months.Rate of
interest in India-5%. Is there any
arbitrage ?
Answer-5
• The British pound is at a forward discount of
3.073% ie.(78.10-77.50)x 100/78.10x (12/3)100
• Interest rate differential is 6%-5%=1%
• There are arbitrage gain possibilities.
• Borrow in UK 2,00,000 pounds at 6% and
convert them into Indian currency and invest
them in India at rate of 5%
• The total amount is converted into pounds at
the forward rate
• Net gain =1067.7419 pounds.
Exercise-6
• A Ltd is planning to import a multipurpose machine
from Japan at a cost of 3400 lakh Yen.The company
can borrow at the rate of 18% per annum with
quarterly rests.However there is an offer from Tokyo
bran of Indian Bank extending credit of 180 days at
2% per annum against the opening of an irrevocable
letter of credit. Other information is as follows:
• Spot rate for Rs.100=340 yen; 180 days forward rate
for Rs.100=345 yen; commission charges for letters
of credit are at 2% for 12 months.
• Advise the company which mode of purchase is
better?
Answer-6
• Borrowing 3400 lakhs yen
• Borrowing in Indian rupee=Rs.1000 lakhs
• Interest for the first 3 months= 45
• Interest for the second quarter=47.025
• Total cash outflow at the end of 6 months equals
to Rs.1092.025 lakhs.
• If letter of credit is followed:
Borrowings 3400 lakhs yen
Interest for 6 months 34 yen
Commission charges 3400 x .02 x6/12=34
Answer-6 continues
• Total payments =3468 lakhs yen
• Conversion into indian rupees=1005.217
• Conclusion:- Avail overseas offer
Exercise-7
• Spot Rs.48/$ ;6 month interest rate: India-
7.5%Per annum; US interest rate-2% per
annum.what forward rate will no arbitrage
gain be possible?
Answer-7
• Difference in rate-7.5%- 2%=5.5%p.a.
• Spot rate $48
• Add: 5.5% premium for three months
(48x (5.5/100) x 3/12) =0.66
Forward rate = 48.66/$
Exercise-8
• Spot rate- Rs.48.5/$ ; 6 month forward
rate-Rs.48.90/$ ; Annualised interest on
US 6 month treasury bill –2.5%;
annualised interest on Indian 6-month
treasury bill-6.0%; what are the
transactions the trader will execute to
receive arbitrage gain?
Answer-8
• Interest rate differential=6%-2.5%=3.5%pa
• Premium of forward rate=(48.90-
48.5)/48.5x100 x(12/6)=1.65%
• Since interest diferential is more than
premium forward arbitrage gain is
possible.
Exercise-9
• Calculate cross currency rate between
Euro/pound(bid as well as ask)
Rs/Us $ Rs 48.35-48.90
Rs/Euro Rs.51.90-52.30
$/ Pound $ 1.49-1.50
Answer-9
• Euro/Pound(bid)=Rs/Us $ x $/Pound x
Euro/Rs=48.35 x1.49 x 1/51.90
• Euro/Pound(ask)=48.90 x 1.50 x1/52.30
Exercise-10
• You are required to fill in the missing
figures and complete the table
US Poun Cana Yen Euro
dolla d dian
r
1USD 1.0 o.616 1.525 ------ 0.928
1 - 1 9 - 7
pound - 1.0 - - -
1Cana - - 1.0 1.0 -
di - - - - -
Answer-10
• Premium(percentage)= (48.28-47.88) /
47.88x(12/3) x 100=3.34% per annum.
• Interest rate differential=11%-7%=4%
• Since interest rate differential is more than
premium percentage there are arbitrage
gain possible.
Exercise-14
• On 1st April, 3 months interest rate in the
US and Germany are 4.5% and 6.5 % per
annum respectively. The $/DM spot rate is
0.6560. What would be the forward rate for
DM for delivery on 30th June?
• S1=0.6560{1+(0.045 x3/12)/1 +(0.065 x
3/12)}
= 0.6560 x ( 1.01125/1.01625)
= USD 0.652772 $/DM
Exercise-15
• In International Monetary Market an
international forward bid for December, 15
on pound sterling is $ 1.2816 at the same
time that the price of IMM sterling future
for delivery on December,15 is $1.2806.
The contract size of pound sterling is
62,500. How could the dealer use
arbitrage in profit from this situation and
how much profit is earned?
Exercise-16
• ABC Co. have taken 6-month loan from their foreign
collaborators for US Dollars 2 millions. Interest payable
on maturity is at LIBOR plus 1.0%. Current 6-month
LIBOR is 2%.
Enquiries regarding exchange rates with their bank elicit
the following information:
Spot USD 1 Rs. 48.5275
6 months forwardRs.48.4575
1.What would be their total commitment in rupees, if they
enter into a forward contract?
2. Will you advise them to do so? Explain giving reasons.
Exercise-17
• The United States Dollar is selling in India at
Rs.45.50. If the interest rate for 6 month
borrowing in India is 8% per annum and the
corresponding rate in USA is 2%.
1.Do you expect US dollar to be at premium or at
discount in the Indian forward market?
2.What is expected 6 month forward rate for United
States Dollar in India?
3. What is the rate of forward premium or discount?
Answer
• Borrow in US at 2% and invest in India
• Differential interest rate =8%-2%=6%
• Since US interest rate is low dollar is at
premium.
• Forward rate=45.50(1+[.04
x6/12)]=Rs.46.41
Exercise-18
• A company operation in Japan has today effected
sales to an Indian company, the payment being due
3 months from the date of invoice. The invoice
amount is 108 lakhs yen. At today’s spot rate, it is
equivalent to $30 lakhs. It is anticipated that the
exchange will decline by 10% over 3 months period
and in order to protect the Yen payments, the
importer proposes to take appropriate action in the
foreign exchange market. The 3-months forward
rate is presently quoted as 3.3 Yen per rupee. You
are required to calculate the expected loss and to
show how it can be hedged by a forward contract.
Exercise-19
• The following table shows interest rates for
the United States dollar and French
francs. The spot exchange rate is 7.05
franks per dollar. Complete the missing
entries:
3 months 6 months 1 year