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Communication (GSM)
1
History
Europe cell tech fragmented in early 80’s
1982 GSM Study Group started
1991 1st Commercial System
1993 1 Million Users, 22 Countries
Today 10 % of World Population
Today 709 Million users, 179 Countries
Today 71 % of entire digital wireless
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Goals
Full international roaming.
Provision for national variations in charging
and rates.
Efficient interoperation with ISDN systems.
Signal quality better than or equal to that of
existing mobile systems
Accommodation of non voice services
Accommodation of portable terminals
3
Features: Multiple Access
TDMA/FDM
Multiple users share the same frequency channel
sequentially
Time slot sequence repeats
TIME
User 3
User2
User 1
FREQUENCY
TDMA
4
Cellular System
SIR: 11 dB
Reuse Factor: 3
Sectoring: 3 sectors/cell
5
Features: Service
Telephone
Data
support packet switched protocol
data rate from 300bps to 9.6kbps
Other
SMS (Short Message Service)
limit 160 7bit ASCII characters
6
Frequency Characters
Carrier Spacing: 200kHz
Channels per carrier: 8
Modulation: 0.3 BT GMSK
Data Rate: 270.833kbps
Uplink Downlink
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Duplex
Duplex: FDD
Frequency spacing:
45MHz(GSM 900)
95MHz(GSM 1800)
80MHz(GSM 1900)
Time slot spacing: 3
time slots
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Architecture: Networking
9
Architecture: GSM Areas
10
Network Components
The network system
is divided into three
major subsystems
Base Station System
(BSS)
Switching System
(SS)
Operation Support
System (OSS)
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Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Network Component
BSS
SS
OSS
12
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Number of BSC varies
Manages the allocation of radio resources for
one or more BTSs, responsible for connection
to MS on demand of MSC
Controls handover between BTS and another
BTS
The link between the mobile station (MS) and
the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Handles the radio transceivers (transmitters
and receivers) that define a cell
Handles the radio-link protocols (air
interface) with the Mobile Station (MS)
SPP (Signal Processing Part) which includes
the coding, encryption, modulation of the
signal
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Switching System (SS)
Network Component
BSS
SS
OSS
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Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
Handles the switching of calls between
external networks and the BSCs
Controls handovers between BSC within the
MSC area
Decide which function that is going to be
used (call, SMS etc)
Coordinates VLR, HLR, OSS (OMC)
16
Home Location Register (HLR)
Database that keeps information about all
subscribers within it’s area
Name, identification number, type of service,
subscriber status, temporary roaming number
for handovers
Temporary information
Permanent information
17
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Database that keeps information about all subscribers
that temporary are within it’s area (MSC service area)
Position updating if the MS moves to a different LA
To connect up a call, the system now has no need to
contact HLR, since VLR has all the necessary
information
Differs from HLR by the TMSI (Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity) because of avoiding to send the
IMSI (International Mobile Identification Number) via
radio signals
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Authentication Centre (AUC)
Stores information regarding safety
Encryption keys
ki (subscriber authentication key)
rand
MSC computes SRES (Signal response)
from ki and rand
SRES = generated Identification parameter out
of a randomly selected variable and the ki
SRES now stored in HLR for use in case of call
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Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
EIR is an option available for any operator in
GSM
Contains information about stolen cellular,
defect cellular that may not be used in the
network etc
Serial number, IMEI (international Mobile
Equipment Identity)
IMEI contains info about manufacturer, country of
manufacturing and certificate
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Operation Support System (OSS)
Used mainly for supervision of GSM
network
Subscriber administration
Network Component
Configuration (connect cells, award
identities to local areas (LAI)
BSS
TRX administrator (specifies the
TRX, channel administration) SS
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GSM Time Intervals
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Traffic Multiframe
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GSM Traffic Time Slot
T: Tail bits
F: Flag
Train: Equalizer Training Sequence
4.615 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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GSM Frames
Hyper-frame 0 1 1022 1023
6.12 s 6.12 s
Super-frame 0 1 2 48 49 50 0 1 2 23 24 25
Multi-frame 0 1 2 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 47 48 49 50
4.615 ms 4.615 ms
Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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GSM Control Channels
Frequency Correction CH (FCCH) Random Access CH (RACH) Slow Assisted CCH (SACCH)
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Broadcast and Common Control
Channels
Synchronization and System operation info
Multiplexed on Time Slot 0 (TS) and if needed
it uses TS 2, 4 or 6
Occupies Control Multi-frame
FWD Link Multiframe
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Frequency Correction Channel
148 0s transmitted in FCCH
Used by terminal to adjust its frequency
reference to match that of the base station
Occupies time slot 0 in a frame of eight time
slots
FCCH 3 142 3 8.25
Tail bits All zeros Tail bits Guard period
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Synchronization Channel
Contains Base Station Identity Code and
current frame number in hyper frame
Helps terminals synchronize their operations
to a new base station
SCH 3 39 64 39 3 8.25
Start bit Encrypted Data Training bits Encrypted Data Tail bit Guard period
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Paging and Access Grant
Used to notify terminals of arriving calls and
to direct a terminal to a stand alone
dedicated control channel
Every mobile is assigned to a particular
paging group
32
Random Access Channel
Used by mobiles to originate phone calls,
initiate SMS, respond to paging massages and
register their locations.
Shared by all mobiles on contention basis
RACH 8 41 36 3 68.25
Start bit Synchronization Encrypted Data Tail bit Extended Guard period
33
Speech Coding
GSM uses linear prediction coding with regular pulse
excitation (LPC-RPE)
Each block of 20 ms consists of 260 bits
36 bits carry information about eight linear prediction
coefficients
188 bits carry excitation information
36 bits represent long term predictor
Speech coding rate is (260 bits/block)/ (20 ms/block)
= 13,000 bits/second
34
Channel Coding for Speech Signals
Data field
50 53 Of 4 time
essential bits slots
Calculate 3 Rate ½ Multiplex
bits parity bits Channel code interleave
456
378 bits
bits
4 tail bits
35
Channel Coding
The channel coding process generates a total
of 456 bits every 20 ms
50 essential bits
3 error-detecting parity bits
132 important bits
The speech transmission rate is
(456 bits/block)/(20 ms/block) = 22,800
bits/second
36
Interleaving
Interleaving takes error clusters and spreads
them out over large intervals.
2 speech blocks, or 40 ms of speech
(2x456=912 coded speech bits), distributed
over 8 frames.
37
Multipath Equalization
Time varying effect of radio channels
Adaptive equalizer is an important component of every
GSM receiver
Extracts desired signal from multiple versions of the signal
Uses 26-bit training sequence and inverse filter
GSM specifies 8 different training sequences assigned to
nearby cells which use the same carrier
Enables terminals and base stations to confirm the received
signal comes from the correct transmitter
GSM can handle delay spreads up to 16us ~ 4-bit period
38
Power Control
GSM specifies 5 classes of terminals by maximum
transmitter power (20W, 8W, 5W, 2W, 0.8W)
Power can adjust by steps of 2 dB to any of 16 power
levels that range over 30 dB
A full-rate transmitter is active for 1 time slot per frame
Advantages:
Minimizes co-channel interference
Conserves power
39
GSM Innovations
Mobile assisted handoffs (MAHO)
Location-based mobility management
Network interfaces in addition to air interface
Made the subscriber mobile with the Subscriber
Identity Module (SIM) Card
40
GSM Mobility management
Location management
In GSM a compromise between the two is
achieved by requiring the mobile to register only
when it changes a collection of cells called a
location area. The mobile is then paged only in the
cells in the location area it last registered from.
This is a tradeoff between high number of
registrations to high number of paging attempts.
41
GSM Mobility management
Handoff – In GSM handoff is done using the
assistance of the mobile. This is called as MAHO
(mobile assisted handoff).
Handoff process proceeds like this :
The mobile detects that the bit error rate for the base
station signal has increased beyond a threshold value
The mobile then measures the signal strength of the
surrounding cells and sends measurement reports to MSC
MSC then decides the target cell for handoff.
The handoff is hard - ‘break before make’ handoff
42
GSM Mobility Management
Roaming
Terminal Mobility – If same radio frequency is
employed or if mobile has multiple modes, then
terminal mobility is possible
Subscriber Mobility – By swapping the SIM card to
the appropriate GSM terminal, subscriber is freed
from the terminal
43
Frequency Hopping
Objective
To avoid severe multipath problems
Procedure
Change the carrier frequency of a given
user
Characters
Hopping frame by frame
Maximum 217.6 hops / second
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