HUM 104: LOGIC

Simple
Apprehension
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IDEOGENESIS (Simple Apprehension)

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Senses Sensation Sense Image

2. Sense Image Imagination Phantasm

3. Intellect Apprehension Idea

4. Vocal Cords Speech Oral Terms

5. Hand, Pen, Etc. Writing Written Terms

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LANGUAGE
 A set of symbols by which things, ideas, and
thoughts or feelings are communicated to others.

ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE
1. Symbol – word/name/phrase signifying to something
2. Referent – thing/person symbolized
3. Reference – meaning existing between the symbol & the
referent
4. Subject – individual that uses the symbol
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BASIC FUNCTIONS OF
LANGUAGE
 INFORMATIVE – claiming something about reality
whether true or false.
 EXPRESSIVE – expressing some feeling/emotion
 DIRECTIVE – attempting to influence behavior
WORD
 Used as a sign of an idea
 Arbitrary or man-made
 Conventional (changes relatively)

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IDEA
 Intellectual image of a thing or the intellectual
apprehension of a thing

IDEA VS. PERCEPTION

 Idea is abstract (universal)
 Perception is concrete (particular)

ABSTRACTION
process of forming idea
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LOGICAL PROPERTIES (Idea)
1. COMPREHENSION – set of thought elements or
conceptual features contained in an idea.
2. EXTENSION – range or scope of individuals and
classes to which an idea may be applied.

 The greater the comprehension, the lesser the

extension.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF IDEAS
MEANING EXAMPLE
1. Singular expresses a concept applicable to only  President of the Philippines
one individual  Miss Universe 2016

2. Universal expresses a concept applicable to  Filipino

individuals of a kind or class  HRM student

3. Transcendal  Object
expresses a formal reason applicable
 Goodness
to individuals of different kind or class  Nature
4. Particular expresses only a part of a universal  Most teachers

5. Collective expresses a group of individuals  Family

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Human Hospitable Some mothers Chief of Staff

Pretty Girl Polite Asian Choir

Executive
JHRA Band Other people
Secretary

Most Filipinos Soldiers Tall, Dark, & Kind CEO

Jejemon Fair LGBT Beauty

 CLASSIFICATION OF IDEAS
MEANING EXAMPLE
6. Contradictory extremely opposite ideas  Life and Death
 Tall and Not tall
7. Contrary opposed to each other in a certain  Rich and Poor
class  Black and White

8. Privative one expresses perfection, and the  Sight and Blindness

other one lacks of it  Hearing and Deafness
 Beauty and Ugliness
9. Correlative mutual relationship  Master and Servant
 Husband and Wife

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King x Queen Fans x Bashers Wise x Fool

Truth x Lie Past x Present Equal x Unequal

Girl x Boy Healthy x Diseased Cold x Hot

Many x None Sanity x Insanity Salt x Pepper

Proposition x Opposition Good x Bad Solid x Liquid

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THE TERM
 external representation of a concept and the
ultimate structural element of proposition.
 ACCORDING TO MEANING

Homologous bearing the same meaning and applied Scientists, Filipino, man
to several individuals

Analogous convey one or more similar Beautiful and Kind

characteristics that exist between two Drunk and Wasted
concepts Happy and Contended

Equivocal term that has more than one meaning Club, Bat, Green

Metaphorical term transferred from its proper King, Honor, Tiger, Beast
meaning and applied to something else

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 ACCORDING TO EXTENSION

Common term may be applied to many persons or student, teacher, boy, food
objects

Singular term applies only to one object Rodrigo Duterte

The Associate Dean
This guy

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 ACCORDING TO COMPREHENSION

Generic term expressing the common essential tool, animal, medicine

feature of an object.

Singular term expressing a distinctive (unique) sharp tool, wild animal,

essential feature of an object prohibited drugs

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DEFINITION
 A linguistic device that provides an explanation
or demonstration about the use of term.
 It is a statement that gives the meaning of a
term or a statement which explains what a term
means.
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A definition may either be:

1) the verbal manifestation of the meaning of a term,
2) the logical manifestations of the conceptual features
of an idea,
3) the conceptual manifestation of the nature of an
object,
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ELEMENTS OF ANALYTIC DEFINITION

1) Definiendum – a term to be defined
2) Definiens – a statement or phrase that explains or
describes the defining property of definiendum
a) Genus – wider concept of which the definiendum is a
member species
b) Differentia – state the traits or characteristics that
make difiniendum different from other species in
genum
3) Denotata – provides concrete samples of the
extension of the definiendum.
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TYPES OF DEFINITION
1. NOMINAL DEFINITION
 explains or indicates the term itself, not the thing
signified by the term.
a) By giving the etymology of a term
b) By giving synonym or equivalent term

DEFINE: Philosophy, Kindness, Intelligence

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TYPES OF DEFINITION
2. CONNOTATIVE DEFINITION
 gives the essential characteristics possessed in
common by the individual.
a) By the latter, property of a thing that is common
with other things
b) By the former, essential property that differentiates
it from other

DEFINE: Eagle, Vodka, Beef

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TYPES OF DEFINITION
3. DENOTATIVE DEFINITION
 makes the mening of a term clear by the application of
this term to its referent
a) Demonstrative – expresses something
b) Enumerative – listing objects/concepts
c) Ostensive – pointing out or showing the object
d) Extensive – giving examples

DEFINE: Pink, Flowers, Ice Cream Flavors

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TYPES OF DEFINITION
4. DESCRIPTIVE DEFINITION
 gives the meaning of a term by enumerating the
characteristics, whether essential, or accidental, of the
referent of that term
a) By giving the property (property – natural
characteristics of a thing)
b) By giving the maker or the purpose of the referent

DEFINE: Stone, Dress, Frying Pan

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TYPES OF DEFINITION
5. LEXICAL DEFINITION
 gives a dictionary meaning of a word, or defines a word
as it is used by any community or group of people

DEFINE: Gender, Noun, Verb

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TYPES OF DEFINITION
6. STIPULATIVE DEFINITION
 given when someone is assigning a meaning to a word
in order to influence attitudes of change the actual
meaning of the word

DEFINE: LGBT, Prohibited Drugs

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TYPES OF DEFINITION
7. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
 explain the way in which a scientific function works.
a) Instrumental operations – performed by various
devices for observations and measurements
b) Paper and Pencil Operation
c) Verbal Operation
d) Thought Experiment

DEFINE: Malleable, Addition, “please”

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RULES OF DEFINITION
1. Definitions should be clearer than the term to be
defined. The latter should not appear in the former.

2. The definition must be positive.

3. Definition must not be circular, avoid defining by

synonym or by ostensive definitions.

4. The definition must be adequate. It must tally

exactly with the object to be defined.