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2. Durability of Materials
• Where φ and φ-1 are the functions of the standard normal cumulative
distribution.
• Where β is a measure of safety of an element of the structure or the
entire system.
Calculation of β value
• If ‘R’ (for example: Resistance) and ‘S’(for example: Load) are normally
distributed variables and they are statically independent.
• μR , and μS are means and σR and σS are standard deviations of the variables
‘R’ and ‘S’ respectively.
• If M=R-S (safety margin) then the mean of ‘M’ is μM= μR-μS and its
standard deviation is
• Hence the probability of failure depends on the ratio of the mean value of
‘M’ to its standard deviation, which is called the reliability index ‘β’.
Probability of Failure if There are more
random variables
• Consider a limit state function with more number of random variables
of
μR=
μR=
• The standard deviation of ‘R’ of the beam
=0.434 x 106
=0.793 x 106
=14.33kN-m
Reliability Index (β)
• Reliability Index (β)= (μS-μR)/(σS2+ σR2)½=3.25
Probability of Failure (pf)
• pf= φ (-β)=0.577 x 10-3 [ from the table of Cumulative probability of
standard normal variant ]
Importance of Reliability Index (β)
Safety State 5 4 3 2 1