LAGUNA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS

P. Burgos St., Calamba City, Laguna

School of Engineering and Information Technology Education

Basic Electronics Fundamentals Mitchel E. Schults

MR. ALLEN A. LLORCA

NETWORK & SYSTEMS SPECIALIST
 Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s Law
 Georg Ohm
 Relationship between resistance,
current, and voltage

 Energy
 Power
 In general
 In electrical circuits

 Series and parallel circuits

 Ohm’s Law
Georg Simon Ohm
(1787-1854 )

 German physicist who

experimentally determined that the if
the voltage across a resistor is
increased, the current through the
resistor will increase.
 Ideas were published in 1827, but
they were rejected by his peers. He
lived in poverty for several years
before taking a teaching position.
 Called the Mozart of electricity.
 Ohm’s Law
V=I*R
 For a constant resistance, if the current increases, the voltage
increases at the same rate
I =V / R
 For a constant resistance, if the voltage increases, the current will
increase at the exact same rate
R =V / I
 For a constant resistance, if the voltage increases, the current must
increase at the exact same rate.
General Rule
 Ohm’sand
Basic Electricity LawElectronics
Voltage

We define voltage as the amount of potential energy between two points

on a circuit. One point has more charge than another. This difference in
charge between the two points is called voltage. It is measured in volts,
which, technically, is the potential energy difference between two points
that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes
through it (don’t panic if this makes no sense, all will be explained). The
unit “volt” is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who
invented what is considered the first chemical battery. Voltage is
represented in equations and schematics by the letter “V”.
 Voltage
Example 1

If a 12-ohm resistor is carrying a current of 2.5A, how much is its voltage?

Answer:

V = IR
= 2.5 A X 12 ohm
= 30 V

Example 2

a. Calculate V for 0.002 A through 1000 ohm

b. Calculate V for 0.004 A through 1000 ohm
c. Calculate V for 0.002 A through 2000 ohm
When describing voltage, current, and resistance, a common analogy is a
water tank. In this analogy, charge is represented by the water amount,
voltage is represented by the water pressure, and current is represented by
the water flow. So for this analogy, remember:

Water = Charge
Pressure = Voltage
Flow = Current

Consider a water tank at a certain height above the ground. At the bottom
of this tank there is a hose.
 Ohm’s Law
Current

We can think of the amount of water

flowing through the hose from the tank as
current. The higher the pressure, the higher
the flow, and vice-versa. With water, we
would measure the volume of the water
flowing through the hose over a certain
period of time. With electricity, we measure
the amount of charge flowing through the
circuit over a period of time. Current is
measured in Amperes (usually just referred
to as “Amps”). An ampere is defined as
6.241*1018 electrons (1 Coulomb) per
second passing through a point in a circuit.
Amps are represented in equations by the
letter “I”.
 Current
Example 1

A heater with resistance of 8 ohm is connected across the 120-V power line.
How much is current I?

Answer:

Example 2

A small ligh bulb with a resistance of 2400 ohm is connected across the
same 120-V power line. How much is current I?
 Applications
• The correct gauge of wire must be used with the right circuit breaker –

#14 wire up to a 15 A breaker,

#12 wire up to 20 A,

#10 wire up to 30 A.
 Applications
Fuses are devices containing a small piece of special wire that melts when
the intensity of the current flowing through it for a certain period of time
exceeds a set value, thus protecting the rest of the electrical circuit
overloads.
 Applications

• Household wiring

Most older homes, without electric heating, have a 100 A service.

Power is broken down into different circuits utilizing 15 A, 20 A, 30 A

and 40 A protective breakers.

Maximum load on each breaker should not exceed 80% of its rating (12 A
of a 15 A circuit breaker).
 Resistor
Applications
Color Coding
• Grounding is a very important part of safety.

NOTE: The National Electric Code requires that the neutral wire of a
system be grounded to an earth-driven rod, a metallic water piping system
of 10 ft or more, or a buried metal plate.