Control Statements: Engineering H192 - Computer Programming

Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Control Statements
Lecture 8
Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 1

Gateway Engineering Education Coalition
IF
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you
But make allowance for their doubting too,
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don't deal in lies,
Or being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise:
THEN
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
And--which is more--you'll be a Man, my son!
--Rudyard Kipling

if / else if / else Selection Structures
• Selection structures permit alternate actions

based on the evaluation of logical expressions.
• The logical expressions evaluate as either true or

false, and the action takes place if and only if the
expression is true.
• When the expression is false, the program may

take alternate action(s), or it may evaluate
another expression to determine what to do next.

• A simple if structure is called a single-selection
structure because it either selects or ignores a
single action.
• The if / else structure is called a double-selection

structure because it selects between two different
actions.
• Nested if / else structures test for multiple cases by

placing if / else structures inside other if / else
structures.
if / else Selection Structures

• Syntax for the if selection structure is as follows:
if ( this logical expression is true ) statement ;
• Syntax for the if / else selection structure is as

follows:
if ( this logical expression is true ) statement ;
else statement ;


• A very simple program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
int a = 1, b = 2, c ;
if (a > b) c = a;
else c = b;
}

• The if selection structure is often written as:
if ( this logical expression is true ) no semi-colon!

statement ;
• And, the if / else selection structure is often written as:
if ( this logical expression is true )

statement ;
else
statement ;


• Often, the earlier example is written this way:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
int a = 1, b = 2, c ;
if (a > b)
c=a;
else
c=b;
}


• Syntax for the if / else if / else selection structure
is as follows:

statement ;
else if ( this logical expression is true )
statement ;
else
statement ;


• The actual syntax for the multiple if / else if / else
selection structure is as follows:
statement ;
statement ;
statement ;
else
statement ;

{
Execute statements in this block ;
}
{
}
else
{
}

Simple Program Using if / else if / else

#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
int a , b ;
printf ("Enter values for a and b > ") ;
scanf ("%d%d", &a, &b ) ;
if ( a < b )
printf ("a is less than\n") ;
else if ( a == b )
printf (" a is equal to b\n") ;
else
printf ("a is larger than b\n") ;
}

Grading Program Using if / else if / else

/* This program associates letter grades with
numeric test scores */
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
int score ;
printf ("enter your test score >") ;
scanf ("%d", &score) ;
Grading Program Using if / else if / else

if (score >= 90)
printf ("Your score of %d is a A\n", score) ;
else if (score >= 80 && score < 90)
printf ("Your score of %d is a B\n", score) ;
else if (score >= 70)
printf ("Your score of %d is a C\n", score) ;
else if (score >= 60)
printf ("Your score of %d is a D\n", score) ;
else
printf ("Your score of %d is an E\n", score) ;
}

A Little Help for Assignment G07
• Assignment G07 requires us to make up (generate)

a random number between 0 and 10.
• Often, computer system have routines already

available for generating a sequence of pseudo-
random numbers.
• For today, we can use one such utility function:

int answer ;
answer = rand ( ) % 11 ;

• But if we just use:
we'll get the same "random" value each time we run
the program.
• So, how do we get something more "random".
• We must first "seed" the random number generator:

srand ( some_random_number ) ;
• So where do we get "some_random_number" ?

• On a UNIX system, the time of day (expressed in

seconds) is "sort of" a random number:
srand ( time (NULL) ) ;
• Where do these functions "live"?
– rand, srand functions are in <stdlib.h>
– time function is in <time.h>
• Check C Library resources


• How to control the game? (Use bottom test loop)
int nguess, guess, answer ;

/* seed random number generator here */
nguess = 0 ;
do
{
nguess++ ;
/* game playing logic goes here */
} while ( guess != answer && nguess < 4 ) ;

Control Statements: Engineering H192 - Computer Programming

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Engineering H192 - Computer Programming

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 1

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 2

if / else if / else Selection Structures

• Selection structures permit alternate actions

• The logical expressions evaluate as either true or

• When the expression is false, the program may

if / else if / else Selection Structures

• The if / else structure is called a double-selection

• Nested if / else structures test for multiple cases by

if / else Selection Structures

if ( this logical expression is true ) statement ;

• Syntax for the if / else selection structure is as

if ( this logical expression is true ) statement ;

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 5

if / else Selection Structures

if / else Selection Structures

if ( this logical expression is true ) no semi-colon!

• And, the if / else selection structure is often written as:

if ( this logical expression is true )

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 7

if / else Selection Structures

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 8

if / else if / else Selection Structures

if ( this logical expression is true )

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 9

if / else if / else Selection Structures

if / else if / else Selection Structures

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 11

Simple Program Using if / else if / else

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 12

Grading Program Using if / else if / else

Grading Program Using if / else if / else

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 14

A Little Help for Assignment G07

• Assignment G07 requires us to make up (generate)

• Often, computer system have routines already

• For today, we can use one such utility function:

A Little Help for Assignment G07

• So, how do we get something more "random".

• We must first "seed" the random number generator:

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 16

A Little Help for Assignment G07

• On a UNIX system, the time of day (expressed in

Winter Quarter The Ohio State University Lect 8 P. 17

A Little Help for Assignment G07

int nguess, guess, answer ;

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