Mathematics in the Modern World

KINDS
OF
MATHEMATCIAL
STATEMENTS
 UNIVERSAL STATEMENT

→ a certain property is true for all elements

in a set

Example:
All positive numbers are greater than zero.
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

→ if one thing is true then some other thing

also has to be true

Example:
If 12 is divisible by 6, then 12 is divisible by 4.
 EXISTENTIAL STATEMENT

→ given a property that may or may not be

true, there is at least one thing for which the
property is also has to be true

Example:
There is a prime number that is even.
UNIVERSAL CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

→ a statement that is both universal and

conditional.
Example:

For all animals A, if A is a dog, then A is

mammal.
UNIVERSAL CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

→ can be rewritten to be purely universal or

purely conditional, i.e. conditional nature is
explicit but universal nature is implicit.
Examples:

→If A is a dog, then A is mammal.

→If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a
mammal.
UNIVERSAL CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

→ can be rewritten to be purely universal or

purely conditional, i.e. conditional nature is
implicit but universal nature is explicit.
Examples:

→For all dogs A, A is a mammal.

→All dogs are mammals.
UNIVERSAL CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
UNIVERSAL CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
UNIVERSAL EXISTENTIAL STATEMENTS

→ is a statement that is universal because its

first part says that a certain property is true
for all objects of a given type, and it is
existential because its second part asserts
the existence of something.
Example:

→Every real number has an additive inverse.

UNIVERSAL EXISTENTIAL STATEMENTS

→ can be written in several ways, some more

formal and some less formal.

Examples:
→All real numbers have additive inverses.
→For all numbers r, there is an additive inverse for r.
→For all real numbers r, there is a real number s
such that s is an additive inverse for r.
UNIVERSAL EXISTENTIAL STATEMENTS

Exercises: Fill in the blanks to rewrite the ff.:

“ Every pot has a lid”.
1. All pots ______.
2. For all pots P, there is _______.
3. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that
_________.
UNIVERSAL EXISTENTIAL STATEMENTS

Answers to the Exercises: “ Every pot has a lid”.

1. All pots have lids.

2. For all pots P, there is a lid for P.
3. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that L is a
lid for P.
EXISTENTIAL UNIVERSAL STATEMENTS

→ is a statement that is existential because its

first part asserts that a certain object exists
and is universal because its second part says
that the object satisfies a certain property for
all things of a certain kind.
Example:
→ There is a positive integer that is less than
or equal to every positive integer.
 EXISTENTIAL UNIVERSAL STATEMENTS

→ can be written in several ways, in some

more formal and some less formal.
Examples:
→ Some positive integer is less than or equal to very positive
integer.
→There is a positive integer m that is less than or equal to
very positive integer.
→There is a positive integer m such that every positive integer
is greater than or equal to m.
→There is a positive integer m with the property that for all
positive integers n, m≤n.
 EXISTENTIAL UNIVERSAL STATEMENTS

→Exercises: Fill in the blanks to rewrite the ff.:

“There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every
person in my class”.

1. Some ________ is at least as old as ____________.

2. There is a person p in my class such that p is ________.
3. There is a person p in my class with the property that for
every person q in my class, p is ________.
 EXISTENTIAL UNIVERSAL STATEMENTS

→Answers to the Exercises:

“There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every
person in my class”.

1. Some person in my class is at least as old as every person

in my class.
2. There is a person p in my class such that p is at least as
old as every person in my class.
3. There is a person p in my class with the property that for
every person q in my class, p is at least as old as q.
END