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This document outlines the components of a PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) analysis for formulating a clinical question about whether digoxin would be effective in reducing hospitalization needs for an elderly patient with congestive heart failure. The patient population is an elderly patient with congestive heart failure. The intervention is digoxin. There is no comparison. The outcomes would be reducing need for hospitalization and reducing mortality. The clinical question formulated is whether digoxin would be effective in reducing rehospitalization for elderly patients with congestive heart failure.
This document outlines the components of a PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) analysis for formulating a clinical question about whether digoxin would be effective in reducing hospitalization needs for an elderly patient with congestive heart failure. The patient population is an elderly patient with congestive heart failure. The intervention is digoxin. There is no comparison. The outcomes would be reducing need for hospitalization and reducing mortality. The clinical question formulated is whether digoxin would be effective in reducing rehospitalization for elderly patients with congestive heart failure.
This document outlines the components of a PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) analysis for formulating a clinical question about whether digoxin would be effective in reducing hospitalization needs for an elderly patient with congestive heart failure. The patient population is an elderly patient with congestive heart failure. The intervention is digoxin. There is no comparison. The outcomes would be reducing need for hospitalization and reducing mortality. The clinical question formulated is whether digoxin would be effective in reducing rehospitalization for elderly patients with congestive heart failure.
P-Patient or Population Describe the most important characteristics of the patient, (e.g. age, disease/condition, gender) I-Intervention: Prognostic Factor; Exposure Describe the main intervention (e.g. drug or other treatment, diagnostic/screening test) CHECKLIST TYPE OF QUESTIONS IDEAL TYPE OF STUDY Therapy RCT Prevention RCT>Cohort Study>Case Control Diagnosis Prospective, blind controlled trial comparison to goal standard Prognosis Cohort Study > Case Control > Case Series/Case Report Etiology / Harm RCT > Cohort Study > Case Control Cost Analysis Economic Analysis Note: Meta-analyses and systematic reviews, when available, often provide the best answer to clinical questions C-Comparison (if appropriate) Describe the main alternative being considered (e.g. placebo, standard therapy, no treatment, the gold standard) O-outcome Describe what you’re trying to accomplish, measure, improve, affect. (e.g, reduced mortality or morbidity, improved memory, accurate and timely diagnosis) Clinical question • Pauline is a new patient who recently moved to the area to be closer to her son and his family. She is 67 years old and has a history of congestive heart failure brought on by several myocardial infarctions. She has been hospitalized twice within the last 6 months for worsening of heart failure. At the present time she remains in normal sinus rhythm. She is extremely diligent about taking her medications (enalapril, aspirin and simvastatin) and wants desperately to stay out of the hospital. She lives alone with several cats.You think she should also be taking digoxin but you are not certain if this will help keep her out of the hospital. You decide to research this question before her next visit. Pauline • Patient / Problemcongestive heart failure, elderlyInterventiondigoxin Comparison, if anynone, placebo Outcomeprimary: reduce need for hospitalization; secondary: reduce mortality • For our patient, the clinical question might be: In elderly patients with congestive heart failure, is digoxin effective in reducing the need for rehospitalization? UNDERSTANDING CHECK LIST • What is the objective of the study? • What is the design of the study? • How many patients were included in the study? • How are they grouped? • What is the result of the study in term of mortality? • How many death were found in digoxin group? • What is the result of the study in term of hospitalization? • How many hospitalizations were found in placebo group? • What is the conclusion? • What is the existing state of knowledge on digoxin? • What is the gap in knowledge that the study will fill? • What did the author intend to do? • Where was the study conducted?