SCIENCE OF THINKING &

ETHICS
SGDN1043

KU ZOLIDIA KU MAHAMAD
 Philosophy
 Human effort to
understand the
meaning of the
interaction with understanding Phenomenon
nature
natural phenomena
that exist.
 Human way in
handling a peaceful
and prosperous Role control
world. management
 Philosophy
mind  Recognize and understand
philosophy are men
responsibility that have been
philosophy rewarded mind to evaluate life
wisdom.
trust wisdom

 Men can use the mind properly

by interacting with the heart in
Philosophy order to recognize self reality.

Mind Heart
 Philosophy

 Thinking serves to generate philosophy based

on :

 The fact of nature

 Humanities (fact & spirit)
 Divine reality- lasting security and award
 PHILOSOPHY
SEMANTIC PRACTICAL
 SEMANTIC
Originates from greek words philo and
sophia.
Philo means love.
Sophia means wisdom @ knowledge

Philosophy is the love of wisdom.

Philosopher or “failasuf” (Arabic terminology)
.
 PRACTICAL
 Serves as the basis of knowledge or theory for
other forms of knowledge.

metaphysic aesthetics
epistemology
s

logic ethics
 TERMINOLOGY
 Plato (427-347 SM) : Knowledge that is
interested in reaching original truth.

 Aristotle (384-322 SM) : covers knowledge of

truth contained in the knowledge of
metaphysics, logic, rhetoric, ethics, economics,
politics etc.

 Al-Farabi: real world knowledge about the

reality.
 Philosophers’ Views

 Socrates (469-399 SM) : Philosophy is the study

of nature in theory to know oneself.

 Plato (427-347 SM) dan Aristotle (384-322 SM) :

studies about eternity and eternal things to
harmonize mystic beliefs or religion by using
mind to think.

 Plato involved understanding of the notion of

truth and goodness plus more correct and
definite assumption about God.
 Philosphers’ views

 Al-Kindi (796-873) : philosophy has three branches:

physical science (the lowest level), mathematical
science (middle level), and divine science (top level).

 Al-Farabi : Philosophy consists of theoretical

(including mathematics, physics, and metaphysics),
and practical (ethical or moral ) aspects.

 Ibnu Sina (980-1037) : Philosophy is a combination

of theory and practice, inline with Al- Farabi’s view.
 Both views are connected to Islam as well as to the
study of existence (reality of the existence).
 Differences in viewpoint
 Al-Ghazali (1059-1111) initially
was a member of the same
views of the previous
philosophers, but later
denounced philosophers who
were not in line with him as a
maverick Islam (called infidels
Zindiq) and differentiate it with
the tasawuf by placing mind
under the revelation.
 Ibnu Rushd (1126-1198) saw
the philosophy as an existing
research on the nature and
viewed it as a way to meet the
Creator of all creation. He
stood against Al-Ghazali and
argued that philosophy is not
opposed to religion, it
enhances and strengthens and
clarifies some religious
matters.
 Scope of philosophy
 Frost (1962) divided philosophy into 13 issues:
1. The nature of the universe
2. The nature of God
3. Human position toward the universe
4. Human and nation
5. Human and education
6. The concepts of evil and good
7. Luck and effort
8. Spirit and death
9. Mind and matter
10. Idea and thought
11. The nature of existence
12. The actual content of an object
13. Metaphysics
 Areas of Philosophy

Episte-
Ontology mology Axiology
 Areas of philosophy
1. Ontology / teory of reality (existence)
a)the facts of God( teology/metaphysics)
b) the facts of the universe (cosmology)
c) the facts about human (psychology)
2. Epistemology or theory of knowledge
3. Axiology or value theory
a) ethical/ moral
b) aesthetics
 SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHY

1. Philosophy of religion.
2. Philosophy of science.
3. Philosophy of law.
4. Philosophy of education.
5. Philosophy of history.
6. Political philosophy.
7. Philosophy of mathematics.
 PHILOSOPHY & RELIGIOUS ISSUES
1. Knowledge refers to common matters that
are owned by each person.
2. When knowledge is structured according to
specific area, method or system, it grows
into science.
3. Philosophy plays role in solving the basic
problem.
4. The role of religion is to solve problems that
cannot be solved by philosophy itself.
 FLOW OF PHILOSOPHY
METAPHYSICAL
MONISM

QUANTITY DUALISM

PLURALISM

QUALITY

FIXED INCIDENT

MECHANISM
SPIRITUALISM
TELEOLOGY
MATERIALISM
DETERMINISM

INDERMINISM
 FLOW OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Metaphysic flow
Related to the fact that there is something
behind physics.

Monotism
The flow that proposes the base element for
all is the one and only.

Dualism
Flow of dualism involves policy position that
elements at hand are two spirit and matter.

Pluralisme
Flow of pluralism indicates feelings that the
basic element of reality is a lot.
 QUALITY
Spiritualism
The flow that believes that the reality is
spiritual.

Materialism
The flow that believes the reality is material.
 THE FLOW OF INCIDENT
Mechanism
The incident that occurs because of cause
and consequent.

Teology
Incident that occurs in the world is
because of other incident not because of
cause and consequent.
Determinism
The flow that teaches men’s desire is
not free in making important decision
but has been identified.

Indeterminism
The flow that believes men’s desire is
free.
 ETHICS

Naturalism Hedonism

Idealism Utilitarism

Vitalism Teology
 ETHICS

Naturalism
Men’s happiness can be achieved according to the
natural tendency of men.

Hedonism
Men’s actions are actions that give enjoyment.

Idealism
Mne’s actions are not bound with reasons but the
principle of higher spirit.
Utilitarism
To evaluate good and bad of human’s action by
looking at big or small benefit of an action.

Vitalism
To evaluate good or bad of men’s action as life
ability measurement.

Teology
Measurement of good or bad of men’s action
is based on God order.
 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE

FIRST GROUP

Rationalism
Sources of human knowledge are thought, rational and
soul.

Empirism
Men’s knowledge originates from men’s experience.

Critism
Men’s knowledge originates from world outside and
within men’s thought.
SECOND GROUP
Realism
Men’s knowledge is the best and accurate
picture of the truth.

Idealism
Knowledge is gained from the event in men’s
souls while the fact that men know comes
from the outside.
 OTHER GROUP

EXISTENTIALISM
Philosophy originates from concrete men.

Pragmatism
Right or wrong of the speech, evidence and
theory depends on the benefit that men gain.

Phenomenology
Desire to understand the true thing can be
achieved by observing the reality.
Positivism

Philosophy that discusses positive events.

Life philosophy

Philosophy is possible if mind is combined with

personality which is related to thinking that
obeys faith and heart.
 Falsafah & Sains
Knowledge

Philosophy Science

 Definition of philosophy focuses on

hikmah or knowledge
 Definition of science originates from latin
word (Scientia) which means knowledge
 Epistemology
Epistemology is the debate about the theories of
knowledge

Divine revelation

Autoritarianism Empirisism

Intuisionism
Rationalism
 Epistemology
Divine revelation (wahyu)

It is the source of knowledge bestows by Allah to

the prophets through holy books.

Rationalisme

It believes that source of knowledge can only be

gained through mind only.
Empirisism
It stresses on the experience of the senses as a
source of knowledge and truth.

Autoritarianism

It believes in what is believed by a group of

authority people in determining the truth of source
of knowledge.
Intuisionism

It believes in inspiration that is unseen or

subjective like animism, dynamism, myth
and magic.
 LOGIC
Definition which means thinking, statement and
speech.

Knowledge that studies the truth of men thinking

through the process of analysis and power of
evidence
Deduction method means from specific
statement moves to general statement
Induction method means from general
statement you then make specific
statement.

e.g. Ali is a man. Man is a creature that can e.g. All vegetables contain vitamins.
think. So Ali is a creature that can think. Vitamins are good for health. Thus all
vegetables are good for health.