m






 
 
 ×hat is an
Earthquake?
o ë
 :



  (seismic waves) within
Earth materials are produced by the rapid
release of  

© Earth¶s crust is in a  
 because of
a
a
a
© Earth¶s crust can store  
a  

© ×hen forces exceed the elastic limits and structural
strength of the rocks, the rocks will 
  and/or 
producing 


  that travel outward in all
directions
 Earthquakes
o The actual place underground where
the rocks break producing vibrations is
called the a

o The place on the surface directly

above the focus is called the epicenter
 R
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aare created?

 
 
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© 
a
 or R
 force
© ’akes a 
  fault
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a are created?

JR

 
a:
JR

 
a
© force R
 something 

© ’akes a

 fault
 R
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a are created?

à

a:


a
© a system of forces that
operates against a body from
different sides
© ’akes a 





R fault
 ×hat causes
Earthquakes?
© ’    : occurs when the
energy exceeds the friction holding the sides of
the fault together and is suddenly
 .


© ’   a

a 

© a
a
R
 
 Seismic ×aves

riginate at the a and travel outward in all

directions
© 
a

a: small earthquakes that come
before a major earthquake
© ½
a Are adjustments in the crust
½
a:

in earthquake
o Smaller than main earthquake, but can cause as
much or more damage. They can continue for
 to  
 . Not every earthquake
produces aftershocks
Seismic ×aves
3 Types of seismic ×aves

© ë  R


  JR

 
 
ëarticles move back and forth in the  
direction as the wave
Travels the  
Jan pass through 
 and 

(gases
also)
oes  cause damage
 Types of ×aves
© à  a 
 
 
ëarticles move at

  to the direction of
the wave
Travels 
than ë waves
Jan pass through 
 only
oes  cause damage
 Types of ×aves
© G    
 a 

  
ëarticles move in 
R
a  orbit
riginates on the 
 a after
the ë and à waves go straight up
from the focus and
 a the
surface
The L wave causes the   
and will be the 
  at the
epicenter
Travels the 
 mow do we ’easure
Earthquakes?
Earthquake waves are recorded by a


R and the recording of waves
on paper is called 


 mow do we ’easure
Earthquakes?
© p  
 ^ a measure of the a on an
earthquake at a particular a 


© ’ 
:

 a measure of the 
  or
amount of  
 released during an
earthquake
 mow do we ’easure
Earthquakes?
© u
a
àa :
 ’easures the R
 of earthquake
waves on 


Scale from 1-10
Each number is Πtimes the amplitude of the
number below
 ’easuring Earthquakes

© Ga 
R
a 

Œ
G 
 between the arrival of the ë wave and the S wave
to the seismograph station is converted to a distance
2. A circle with a

 that   the distance is drawn
around the station.
3. Two stations can narrow down the location to two places
where the two circles

a

© Ga 
a

a: the  
 of the G wave
will determine the depth of the focus
 Earthquake angers

o ’ost injuries and deaths are caused by

 
a and most property damage
results from 

 that start

©  
:



a   sometimes
generated when an earthquake originates on
the ocean floor
Tsunami²ecember 2004
 Earthquake angers
© à
a rhythmic 
 of small bodies of
à
a:
water

A seiche is the sloshing of a

closed body of water from
earthquake shaking.
Swimming pools often have
seiches during earthquakes.
 Earthquake angers
© G
 a

a
 : unconsolidated materials
that are water saturated may turn to a
fluid causing some underground objects
such as storage tanks to float to the
surface
       
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 Earthquake angers
© G 

 Earthquake Safety
© ërotect yourself from falling objects (ë ëu
à
’ë!p) or stand in a hallway or doorway
(watch out for a swinging door)
© o not try to go outside during the earthquake
© After the earthquake and before the aftershocks,
go outside
© o not return to the building until it has been
inspected