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HORIZONTAL CURVES

SIMPLE CURVE OR
CIRCULAR CURVES
INTRODUCTION

 Straight (tangent) sections of most types of transportation routes, such as


highways, railroads, and pipelines, are connected by curves in both
horizontal and vertical planes.
 Curves used in horizontal planes to connect to straight tangent section are
called horizontal curves.
TYPES OF HIRIZONTAL CURVES
Simple Curve
 The simple curve is an arc of a circle.
 The larger the radius, the flatter the curve.
TYPES OF HIRIZONTAL CURVES
Compound Curve
 This curve normally consists of two simple curves curving in the same
direction and joined together.
 Composed of two or more circular arcs of different radii tangent to each
other, with their centers on the same side of alignment.
TYPES OF HIRIZONTAL CURVES
Reverse Curve
 Consists of two simple curves tangent to each other, with their centers on
opposite side of alignment.
TYPES OF HIRIZONTAL CURVES
Spiral Curve
 The spiral is a curve with varying radius used on railroads and some modern
highways.
 It provides a transition from the tangent to a simple curve or between simple
curves in a compound curve.
GEOMETRY OF THE CIRCULAR CURVES

1. The angle subtended by any chord at the center of the circle is twice the
angle between the chord and a tangent at one of its ends.
2. Inscribed angles subtended by the same or equal arc or chord are equal.
3. Inscribed angle subtended by the same or equal arc or chord is half the angle
subtended (by the arc or chord) at the center of the circle.
4. The deflection angle between a tangent (at any point on a circle) and a chord
is equal to the angle which the chord subtends in the alternate segment.
ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CURVE
ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CURVE
Terminologies
 Point of Intersection (PI)
 The point of intersection marks the point where the back tangent and forward
tangents intersect
 Intersecting Angle (I)
 The intersecting angle is the deflection angle at the PI.
 Radius (R)
 The radius, is the radius of the circle of which the curve is an arc.
 Point of Curvature (PC)
 The point where the circular curve begins.
 Point of Tangency (PT)
 The point where the circular curve ends.
ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CURVE
Terminologies
 Length of Curve (L)
 The length of curve is the distance from PC to PT measured along the curve.
 Length/Long Chord (LC)
 The chord from PC to PT.
 Tangent Distance (T)
 The distance along the tangents from PI to PC or PT.
 External Distance (E)
 The distance from the PI to the midpoint of the curve. Nearest distance from PI to
any point of the curve.
 Middle Ordinate (M)
 The distance from the midpoint of the curve to the midpoint of the long chord.
DEGREE OF CIRCULAR CURVE
(English Units)
DEGREE OF CIRCULAR CURVE
(SI Units)
CIRCULAR CURVE FORMULAS
Computing Deflection Angles and Chords

 sa = the difference in stationing


between the two points
 ca = the length of the subchord
Notes for Circular Curve Layout
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

 The angle of intersection of a circular curve is 45°30’ and its radius is 425 m.
The station of the PI is 1+959.10. Determine all the elements of the circular
curve as well as the station at PC and PT.

 Compute subdeflection angles and subchords of the given circular curve.

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