Internal

OWA200002 WCDMA RAN

Fundamental

ISSUE1.0
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 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Outline the advantage of CDMA technology
 Outline the fundamentals of UTRAN
 Outline the key technologies of UTRAN

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 Chapter 1 CDMA Technology

Chapter 2 WCDMA Fundamental

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 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology

 Duplex technology

 Time division duplex (TDD)

 Frequency division duplex (FDD)
 Multiple access technology

 Time division multiple access (TDMA)

 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

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 Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA

power

power

CDMA

power

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 Characteristics of CDMA System

 High Spectral Efficiency

 Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

 Soft capacity

 Quality
 Coverage
 Interference
 Self-interference system

 A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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 Chapter 1 CDMA Technolofy

Chapter 2 WCDMA Fundamental

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 Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Source Channel Spreading Modulation Transmission

coding coding

Radio channel

Source Channel
Despreading Demodulation Reception
decoding decoding

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 Terms

 Bit, Symbol, Chip

 Bit: data after source coding

 Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving

 Chip: data after spreading

 Process Gain: 10log (cps/bps); for different service, the Gain is different

− Process Gain is smaller, UE need more power for this service

− Process Gain is smaller, the coverage of the service is smaller

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 WCDMA Source Coding

 AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding

 Multi-rate:

− 8 kinds of coding rates

− Benefit multi-mode terminal design

 Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease

speech rate of part of subscribers automatically so as to support
more subscribers.

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 WCDMA Channel Coding

 Purpose:

 Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal

when interference occurs.

 Types

 Speech service: Convolutional code（1/2、1/3）

 Data service: Turbo code (1/3)

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 WCDMA Interleaving
 Interleaving is used for continuous bit error correction

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 ……

First interleaving B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
. . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . .
....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

Second interleaving

{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}

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 Correlation
 Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.

 EXAMPLE:

+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1 (a)
-1 1 -1 1
+1 1 1 1 1
0
1 correlation
-1
Identical signals

+1
0 -1 1 -1 1 (b)
-1 11 11
-1 1 -1 1
+1 Zero correlation
0 Orthogonal signals
-1

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 Spreading

UE1: ＋1 －1 1

UE2: －1 ＋1
c1: ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1
c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1： ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1
UE2×c2： －1 －1 －1 －1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1

UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2： 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2

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 Despreading

UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2: 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2

UE1 Dispreading by c1: ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1

Dispreading result: 0 ＋2 0 ＋2 0 －2 0 －2
Integral judgment: ＋4 (means＋1) －4 (means－1)

UE2 Dispreading by c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1

Dispreading result: 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2
Integral judgment: －4 (means－1) ＋4 (means＋1)

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code

P(f)

f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal

f
Noise

Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Signal
P(f) Combination P(f)

f Spreading code f

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 WCDMA Spreading Code: OVSF
 OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor, generated by Walsh matrix

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

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 Purpose of OVSF

 For uplink, OVSF is used to separate different services of one connection

 For downlink, OVSF is used to separate different connections

Typical service Data rate Downlink SF Uplink SF

AMR 12.2+3.4 128 64

Modem28.8k 28.8+3.4 64 32

12.2kAMR & 64k packet data 12.2+64+3.4 32 16

12.2kAMR & 144k packet data 12.2+144+3.4 16 8

12.2kAMR & 384k packet data 12.2+384+3.4 8 4

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 Why we need Scrambling Code

Distinguishing transmitter (cells or users)

Downlink

Scrambling code is used for distinguishing cells

OVSF code is used for distinguishing users
Uplink

Scrambling code is used for distinguishing users

OVSF code is used for distinguishing channels of one user

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 Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator

Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA

clong,1,n
MSB LSB

clong,2,n

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 Autocorrelation
 Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.

 Example: -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1

Correlation

Delay time sequence correlation

1 0 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1/7
2 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1/7
3 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1/7
4 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1/7
5 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1/7
6 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1/7
Delay time (chip)

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 Gold Sequence
 The autocorrelation function has multi-value, not so good
as m sequence.

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

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 Spreading and Despreading
Symbol

Data 1
-1

Chip Spreading
Spreading code 1
-1

Spreading signal 1
=Data×code -1

Despreading
1
Spreading code
-1

Data 1
=Spreading×code -1

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Spreading and Despreading

Desired signal

Desired spreading 1
signal -1
1
Spreading code
-1
Data after 1
despreading
-1
Data after 8
integration
-8

Other user’s signal

Other spreading
signal

Other signal after

despreading 1
-1
8
Other signal after
-8
integration

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 WCDMA Modulation

 Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting abilities in

air interface

R99/R4: adopt QPSK HSDPA: adopt 16QAM

DL maximum data rate is 2.7Mbps DL maximum data rate is 14.4Mbps

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 Multi-path Environment

Transmitted
signal

Received
signal

Time

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 Fading

Received Power (dBm)

-20 Fast fading

Slow fading

-40

-60

Distance(m)
10 20 30

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 Diversity Technique
 Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining

 Reduce the effects of fading

− Fast fading caused by multi-path
− Slow fading caused by shadowing

 Improve the reliability of communication

 Increase the coverage and capacity
 Diversity methods

 Macroscopic diversity
− Soft handover and softer handover
 Microscopic diversity

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 Microscopic Diversity
 Time diversity

 Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction

 Frequency diversity

 The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency

spectrum
 Space diversity

 Receive diversity
 Transmit diversity
 Polarization diversity

 Vertical polarization
 Horizontal polarization

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 Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1

The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3

Searcher correlator Calculate the

time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system

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 Performance of Diversity
1

1 finger
2 finger
0.1 5 finger
No fading
BER

0.01

0.001

0.0001
5 10 15
SNR（dB)

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 WCDMA Fast Power Control

Without power control With power control

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 Advantages of WCDMA

 RAKE receiver is adopted

 Higher interference tolerance and security performance

 Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with different bit rate

and QoS requirement.
 High spectral efficiency

 Supporting soft handover and softer handover

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 Summary

 Spreading / Despreading principle

 UTRAN Voice Coding

 UTRAN Channel Coding

 UTRAN Spreading Code

 UTRAN Scrambling Code

 UTRAN Modulation

 UTRAN Transmission/Receiving

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Thank You
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