2018/10/10 Security Level:

LTE Basic Principle

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 Know about the background and network architecture of LTE.

Master the basic principle of LTE physical layer and layer

2.

Know about the key technology of LTE air interface

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 Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction
Charter 2 LTE Network Architecture and
Protocol Introduction
Charter 3 LTE Air Interface Key
Technology Introduction

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 Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction

1.1 LTE Concept and Design Target

1.2 LTE Standardization Process

1.3 SAE Brief Introduction

1.4 SON Brief Introduction

1.5 3GPP Brief Introduction

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 LTE Background Introduction- Overview
 What is LTE？
 LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of
radio access technology conducted by 3GPP.
 The radio access network will evolve to E-UTRAN
(Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), and
the correlated core network will evolved to SAE (System
Architecture Evolution).

 What can LTE do？

 Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz, 3MHz,
5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz and 20MHz
 Peak date rate (within 20MHz bandwidth): 100Mbps for downlink
and 50Mbps for uplink
 Time delay: <100ms (control plane), <5ms (user plane)
 Provide 100kbps data rate for mobile user (up to 350kmph)
 Support eMBMS
 Circuit services is implemented in PS domain: VoIP
 Lower cost due to simple system structure
3GPP aim to establish a new generation
wireless communication system, which
beyond the access capability of current
technologies, supporting data services
with high performance, to ensure the
leadership in the future 10 years.

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 LTE Background Introduction- standard
 Procedure of LTE Standardization
 3GPP started LTE project in December 2004.
 The SI (Study Item) was planned to finish in June 2006 but has been delayed until September 2006. Finished feasibility
research and output technical reports.
 The WI (Work Item)/standard institution stage was started in September 2006. The first version was planned to finished
in September 2007 but has been delayed.
 LTE is in Stage3 (protocol) now and being discussed in work group meetings.
 Foresee the first GA protocol version will be released in the end of 2008. Protocol 36.xxx series are for LTE.
 The protocol is still under consummating.

LTE SI stage LTE WI stage

Delayed

LTE SI

LTE WI

LTE Rel8 LTE Rel8 LTE enhancement

(Approval) (Spec finished) and improvement

2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar

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 LTE Background Introduction-System Arch
 SAE Brief Introduction
 SAE（System Architecture Evolution）considers evolution for the whole system architecture, including：

 Flat Functionality. Take out the RNC entity and part of the functions are arranged on e-NodeB in order to reduce the
latency and enhance the schedule ability, such as interference coordination, internal load balance, etc.

 Part of the functions are arranged on core network. To enhance the mobility management, all IP technology is applied,
user-plane and control-plane are separated. The compatibility of other RAT is considered.

GERAN

SGSN HSS
UTRAN

S3 S6a
S1-MME
MME
PCRF
S4 Rx+
S11 S7
S10
“LTE-Uu”
Serving S5 PDN SGi
UE EUTRAN Operator ’s IP Services
SAE SAE (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
S1-U Gateway Gateway

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 S1-MME: Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
 S1-U: Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane tunnelling and inter
eNodeB path switching during handover.
 S3: It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or
active state.
 S4: It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor function of
Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the user plane tunnelling.
 S5: It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN GW. It is used
for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN
GW for the required PDN connectivity.
 S6a: It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to
the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME and HSS.
 Gx: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging Enforcement
Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW.
 S8: Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving GW in the VPLMN
and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5.
 S9: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the Home PCRF and the
Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout function.
 S10: Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information transfer.
 S11: Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
 S12: Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunneling when Direct Tunnel is
established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U protocol as defined between SGSN
and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
 S13: It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
 SGi: It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data network may
be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g. for
provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
 Rx The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS 23.203 [6].
 SBc Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message delivery and control functions.

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 LTE Background Introduction-OM feature
 SON Brief Introduction
 SON (Self Organization Network) is the functions of LTE that required by the NGMN (Next Generation Mobile
Network) operators.
 From the point of view of the operator’s benefit and experiences, the early communication systems had bad O&M
compatibility and high cost. New requirements of LTE are brought forward, mainly focus on FCAPSI (Fault,
Configuration, Alarm, Performance, Security, Inventory) management:
 Self-planning and Self-configuration, support plug and play
 Self-Optimization and Self-healing
 Self-Maintenance

 Advantages of SON
 Reduce OPEX. Lower cost for operator in
planning, optimization and maintenance.
 Vendor promote the sale of features and
tools to reduce the cost of network
optimization after deployment.

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 LTE Background Introduction-3GPP
 3GPP Brief Introduction
 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) is found in Dec. 1998, the wireless communication technology standard
organization, including the Organizational Partners: ARIB, CCSA, ETSI, ATIS, TTA, and TTC.
 3GPP consist of technical specification groups and management operation group.

 TSG（Technical Specification Groups ）

 TSG GERAN: 2G
 TSG RAN: 3G and LTE
 TSG SA: Service and System Aspects
 TSG CT: Core Network and Terminals

http://www.3gpp.org

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 Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction
Charter 2 LTE Network Architecture and
Protocol Introduction
Charter 3 LTE Air Interface Key
Technology Introduction

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 LTE Network Architecture
 Main Network Element of LTE Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE
 The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the user architecture becomes much more simple and
plane and control plane. flat, which can lead to lower networking cost,
 The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW. higher networking flexibility and shorter time
delay of user data and control signaling.
 Network Interface of LTE
 The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling direct
transmission of data and signaling.
 S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to the S-
GW via the S1-U eNB
RRC: Radio Resource Control
Inter Cell RRM PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RB Control RLC: Radio Link Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
MAC: Medium Access Control
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW
MME PHY: Physical layer
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security EPC: Evolved Packet Core
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Idle State Mobility
Handling
S-GW: Serving Gateway
Dynamic Resource
P-GW: PDN Gateway
S1

S1

Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
S1

S1

PDCP
X2 E-UTRAN S-GW P-GW

eNB eNB RLC

Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
X2

X2

S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet

eNB E-UTRAN EPC

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 LTE Network Element Function
 e-Node hosts the following functions: eNB
 Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Inter Cell RRM
Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control,
RB Control
Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and
Connection Mobility Cont.
downlink (scheduling); MME
 IP header compression and encryption of user data stream; Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
 Selection of an MME at UE attachment; eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
 Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway; Idle State Mobility
Handling
Dynamic Resource
 Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast messages Allocation (Scheduler)
(originated from the MME); EPS Bearer Control
RRC
 Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for
mobility and scheduling; PDCP
S-GW P-GW
RLC
Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
 MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the following S1
PHY Packet Filtering
functions: internet
 NAS signaling and security;
E-UTRAN EPC
 AS Security control;
 Idle state mobility handling;
 EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;
 S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following functions:
 Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.
 Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point for
 P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following functions: handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per UE, PDN,
 Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL and DL and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI granularity for inter-operator
service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; charging.

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 Frequency Band of LTE
 From LTE Protocol:
 Duplex mode: FDD and TDD FDD Frequency Band
 Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz E-UTRA Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL) Duplex
Band FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high Mode
 Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,
10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHz 1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD

2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD

 Protocol is being updated, frequency information – – FDD
3 1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz
could be changed. 4 1710 MHz – 1755 MHz 2110 MHz – 2155 MHz FDD
TDD Frequency Band 5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD

6 830 MHz – 840 MHz 875 MHz – 885 MHz FDD

E-UTRA Duplex
Uplink & Downlink 7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD
Band Mode
8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
1749.9 – – FDD
9 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz 1879.9 MHz
2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD MHz
34
10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD
1427.9 – 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz – 1500.9 MHz FDD
1930 MHz – 1990 MHz TDD 11
36 MHz

37 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz TDD 12 698 MHz – 716 MHz 728 MHz – 746 MHz FDD

2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD 13 777 MHz – 787 MHz 746 MHz – 756 MHz FDD
38
14 788 MHz – 798 MHz 758 MHz – 768 MHz FDD
39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
… … … …
40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz TDD
17 704 MHz – 716 MHz 734 MHz – 746 MHz FDD

... … … …

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 Radio Frame Structure (1)
 Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:
 Type 1, applicable to FDD
 Type 2, applicable to TDD

 FDD Radio Frame Structure:

 LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz and 2048-order IFFT.
The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second
 FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms. One slot
consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP configuration

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe FDD Radio Frame Structure

 Concept of Resource Block:

 LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
 RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
 One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration

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 100 Mbps Calculation

From the 3gpp specification:

-1 Radio Frame = 10 Sub-frame
-1 Sub-frame = 2 Time-slots
-1 Time-slot = 0.5 ms (i.e 1 Sub-frame = 1 ms)
-1 Time-slot = 7 Modulation Symbols (when normal CP length is used)
-1 Modulation Symbols = 6 bits; if 64 QAM is used as modulation scheme

Radio resource is manage in LTE as resource grid....

-1 Resource Block (RB) = 12 Sub-carriers

Assume 20 MHz channel bandwidth (100 RBs), normal CP

Therefore, number of bits in a sub-frame

= 100RBs x 12 sub-carriers x 2 slots x 7 modulation symbols x 6 bits

= 100800 bits

Hence, data rate = 100800 bits / 1 ms = 100.8 Mbps

* If 4x4 MIMO is used, then the peak data rate would be 4 x 100.8 Mbps = 403 Mbps.

* If 3/4 coding is used to protect the data, we still get 0.75 x 403 Mbps = 302 Mbps as data rate.

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 Radio Frame Structure (2)
 TDD Radio Frame Structure:
Uplink-downlink Configurations
 Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and time
unit with FDD. Uplink- Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
downlink Switch-point
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is 10ms configuration periodicity
shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms. 0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
 The uplink-downlink configuration of 10ms frame are 1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
shown in the right table. 2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

One subframe,
30720Ts DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot
TDD Radio Frame Structure GP: Guard Period
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot

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 Radio Frame Structure (3)
 CP Length Configuration: CP Configuration
 Cyclic Prefix is applied to eliminate ISI of
OFDM. DL OFDM CP UL SC-FDMA CP Sub-carrier Symbol of
Configuration
Length Length of each RB each slot
 CP length is related with coverage radius.
Normal CP can fulfill the requirement of Normal 160 for slot #0 160 for slot #0
f=15kHz 7
CP 144 for slot #1~#6 144 for slot #1~#6
common scenarios. Extended CP is for wide 12
coverage scenario. f=15kHz 512 for slot #0~#5 512 for slot #0~#5 6
Extended
 Longer CP, higher overheading. CP
f=7.5kHz 1024 for slot #0~#2 NULL 24 (DL only) 3 (DL only)

Slot structure under Normal

CP configuration
(△f=15kHz)

Slot structure under

Extended CP configuration
(△f=15kHz)

Slot structure under

Extended CP configuration
(△f=7.5kHz)

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 Brief Introduction of Physical Channels
 Downlink Channels：
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information for cell
BCH MCH PCH DL-SCH
search, such as cell ID. Downlink
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the resource Transport channels

allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information. MAC Layer
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the downlink user Physical Layer
data.
Downlink
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers information Physical channels
PBCH PMCH PDSCH PDCCH
of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH.
 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid ARQ Mapping between downlink transport
ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions. channels and downlink physical channels
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast information.

 Uplink Channels：
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random access UL-SCH RACH
Uplink
preamble. Transport channels
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user data.
MAC Layer
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ ACK/NACK,
Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), etc. Physical Layer
Uplink
Physical channels
PUSCH PRACH PUCCH

Mapping between uplink transport

channels and downlink physical channels

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 Downlink Physical Channel
 Downlink Physical Channel Processing
 scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
 modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
 mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
 precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna ports
 mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
 generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port

code words layers antenna ports

Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation

Phy Ch Modulation Scheme Phy Ch Modulation Scheme

 Modulation Scheme of
Downlink Channel
PBCH QPSK PCFICH QPSK
 Shown at the right table
PDCCH QPSK PHICH BPSK

PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

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 Uplink Physical Channel
 Uplink Physical Channel Processing
 scrambling
 modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols
 transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols
 mapping of complex-valued symbols to resource elements
 generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port

Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA

Scrambling element mapper
mapper precoder signal gen.

 Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel

 Shown at the right table
Phy Ch Modulation Scheme

PUCCH BPSK, QPSK

PUSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

PRACH Zadoff-Chu序列

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 Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction
Charter 2 LTE Network Architecture and
Protocol Introduction
Charter 3 LTE Air Interface Key
Technology Introduction

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 LTE Key Technology — OFDMA & SC-FDMA
 OFDM & OFDMA
 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a
modulation multiplexing technology, divides the system
bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is inserted
between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI.
 OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with OFDM, is
used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the combination of
TDMA and FDMA essentially.
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth. Support
frequency link auto adaptation and scheduling. Easy to
combine with MIMO.
 Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency domain
synchronization. High PAPR.
 DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
 DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing technology used
in the LTE uplink, which is similar with OFDM but can
release the UE PA limitation caused by high PAPR.
Each user is assigned part of the system bandwidth.
 SC-FDMA（Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Accessing）is the multi-access technology related with
DFT-S-OFDM.
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
orthogonal user bandwidth need no protect bandwidth.
Low PAPR.
 The subcarrier assignment scheme includes Localized
mode and Distributed mode.

System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers System Bandwidth Sub-carriers

TTI: 1ms

Frequency
TTI: 1ms
Frequency

User 1
User 2
User 1 User 3
Time
User 2 Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
Time User 3
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers

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 MIMO
 Downlink MIMO
 MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial
multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO and multi
user mode MU-MIMO.
 In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is used in
both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to control/reduce the
interference among spatial multiplexing data flows.
 The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to one
single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the transmission rate and
spectrum efficiency. In MU-MIMO, the data flows are
scheduled to multi users and the resources are shared within
users. Multi user gain can be achieved by user scheduling in
the spatial domain.
 Uplink MIMO
 Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to
implement the UL multi transmission and relative power supply.
Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs are associated
to transmit in the MIMO mode. Virtual-MIMO is still under study.
 Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users. Each user
transmits data by single antenna. System separates the data by
the specific MIMO demodulation scheme.
 MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the same time-
freq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-MIMO. Interference of
the multi user data can be controlled by the scheduler, which
also bring multi user gain.

Pre-coding vectors User1

User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
S1
User 1 data MIMO
User 2 data
User k data Decoder User2
Scheduler Pre-coder User2
User k data S2

User k
User k Scheduler
Channel Information Channel Information

MU-MIMO Virtual-MIMO

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 Schedule and Link Auto-adaptation
 User Multiplexing and Scheduling
 Large system bandwidth (10/15/20MHz) of LTE will facing the
problem of frequency selected fading. The fading
characteristic on subcarriers of one user can be regarded as
same, but different in further subcarriers.
 Select better subcarriers for specific user according to the
fading characteristic. User diversity can be achieved to
increase spectrum efficiency.
 The LTE schedule period is one or more TTI.
 The channel propagation information is feed back to e-NodeB
through the uplink. Channel quality identity is the overheading
of system. The less, the better.
Channel Propagation Fading
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 Link Auto-adaptation
 LTE support link auto-adaptation in time-domain and
frequency-domain. Modulation scheme is selected based
on the channel quality in time/frequency-domain.
 In CDMA system, power control is one important link auto-
adaptation technology, which can avoid interference by far-
near effect. In LTE system, user multiplexed by OPDM
technology. Power control is used to reduce the uplink
interference from adjacent cell, to compensate path loss. It
is one type of slow link auto-adaptation scheme.
User Multiplexing and Scheduling
Page 26
 Enhance MBMS
 E-MBMS
 All e-NodeBs apply same frequency resource and send MBMS data simultaneously.
 For UE, the signals from different e-NodeBs can be treat as component of multi paths. Not necessary to divide the
signal from e-NodeBs, which can be soft combined by UE.

 E-MBMS Features
 SFN (Single Frequency Network) mode
 MBMS is limited by the cell edge user performance. SFN enhance the performance in cell edge to improve
the MBMS effect.
 Need downlink air-interface synchronization in SFN mode.
 Time delay is much different for e-NodeBs, the signal combination will cause time delay increase. Longer
CP will be configured.

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 Cell Interference Control
 ICIC（Inter-Cell Interference Coordination）
 ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some coordination schemes, like
SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control the interference in cell edges to enhance the
frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.

 SFR Solution
 SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into primary band and
secondary band with different transmit power.

The primary band is assigned to the

Secondary Secondary
users in cell edge. The eNB transmit Band Band
power of the primary band can be high.
Secondary Band Power Cell 2,4,6

Power Cell 1 Frequency

Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band
2
Frequency
Cell 1 Primary Band 7 3 Secondary
Band
Total System BW 1
6 4 Power Cell 3,5,7
The total system bandwidth can be assigned
to the users in cell center. The eNB transmit
power of the secondary band should be
5 Frequency
reduced in order to avoid the interference to Cell 3,5,7P Primary Band
the primary band of neighbor cells.

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Thank you
www.huawei.com
WiMAX Frame Structure (TDD)

 Physical frame contains Downlink Subframe, Uplink subframe, TTG and RTG

 BS will broadcast TDD time for DL and UL in DL_MAP

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WiMAX Network Access procedure

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