RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

CHE133
REFLECTIVITY, ABSORPTIVITY AND TRANSMISSIVITY

ρ+ α + τ =1
GASES AND RADIATION

Monoatomic gases and diatomic gases are transparent

(absorptivity = 0) to radiation.
Polyatomic gases like water, CO2, NH3 absorbs radiation.
BLACKBODY

•Absorptivity = 1
•Reflectivity = 0
•Transmissivity = 0
EMISSIVE POWER VS WAVELENGTH
EMISSIVE POWER, W AND EMISSIVITY

𝑊
𝜀=
𝑊𝑏
The surface of a perfect black body (with an
emissivity of 1) emits thermal radiation at the rate
of approximately 448 watts per square meter at
room temperature (25 °C, 298.15 K)
EMISSIVITY VALUES

• Polished metals 0.02 – 0.10

• Oxidized metals 0.6 -0.85
• Paint 0.8-0.96
• Paper, boards etc 0.65 – 0.95
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW

Wb = 𝜎T4

T is absolute temperature
Stefan- Boltzmann Constant = 5.670373 x 10-8 W/m2.K4
= 0.1713 x 10-8 Btu/ft2.h.R4
WIEN’S LAW

T𝛌max = C
C = 2890 when T is in K and 𝛌 is in micrometer
C = 5200 when t is in R and 𝛌 is in micrometer
𝛌max is the wavelength of maximum emission.
EMISSIVE POWER VS WAVELENGTH
WIEN’S LAW EXAMPLE

Estimate the Lambda Max of an object according to Wien’s Law at 298.15K.

GRAY BODY

• The absorptivity is constant for all wavelengths.

OPAQUE SOLIDS

• Transmissivity = 0
KIRCHOFF’S LAW

𝑊1 𝑊2
=
𝛼1 𝛼2
α=ϵ
HEAT OF RADIATION

𝑄
= 𝜎 ∈ T4
𝐴
COMBINED HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION-
CONVECTION AND RADIATION

𝑄𝑡 𝑄𝑐 𝑄𝑟
= + = hc (Tw-T) + 𝜎 ∈ (𝑇𝑤4 − 𝑇4)
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
970W

A 5-cm outside diameter steam pipe, 10-m long, is insulated with 1

cm of magnesia insulation whose surface temperature is 60 deg C
and surface emissivity of 0.85. If the insulated pipe is exposed to
air and surroundings at 30 deg C, calculate the heat loss in watts
from the pipe to the surroundings. The convective heat transfer
coefficient of air is 8.5 W/m2K.
VIEW FACTOR OR ANGLE FACTOR, F

Qr/A = F𝜎(𝑇𝑤4 − 𝑇4)

INTERCHANGE FACTOR, 𝐹ത
OVERALL INTERCHANGE FACTOR, Ƒ

Qr/A = Ƒ𝜎(𝑇𝑤4 − 𝑇4)

Special case: Two large parallel planes
1
Ƒ= 1 1
+ −1
ϵ1 ϵ2

A sphere inside another sphere

1
Ƒ= 1 1
+
ϵ1 ϵ2
−1 𝐴1/𝐴2

A1 is the area of the smaller sphere.

 MC CABE EXAMPLE 14.1(ANS: 490.4K AND
1587W/M2
A chamber for heat-curing large aluminum sheets, painted black on both sides,
operates by passing the sheets vertically between two steel plates 150 mm
apart. One of the plates is 300°C and the other is 25°C.
a. What is the temperature of the aluminum sheet?
b. What is the heat transferred between the walls when equilibrium has been
reached? Emissivity of steel is 0.56 and emissivity of aluminum sheet is 1.0.
MCCABE PROBLEM 14.1
• Determine the net heat transfer by radiation between two
surfaces A and B, expressed as watts per square meter of
area B, If the temperature of A and B are 500 and 200°C
and the emissivity of A and B are 0.90 and 0.25,
respectively. Both surfaces are gray.
• B. Surface A is a spherical shell 3 m in diameter, and
surface B is a similar shell concentric with A and has a 0.3
m diameter.
SEAT WORK

• Determine the net heat transfer by radiation between two

surfaces A and B, expressed as watts per square meter of
area B, if the EMISSIVITY of A and B are 0.90 and 0.25,
respectively. Both surfaces are gray. Tw = 500°C and
T=200°C.
• A. Surfaces A and B are infinite parallel planes 3 m apart.
14.2 The black flat roof of a building has an emissivity of 0.9 and
an absorptivity of 0.8 for solar radiation. The sun beats down at
midday with an intensity of 300 BTU/ft2.h
• A. If the temperature of the air and the surrounding is 68°F and
wind velocity is negligible and no heat penetrates the roof, what is
the equilibrium temperature of the roof? Assume that the heat
transfer by conduction-convection q/a=0.38(ΔT)1.25.
• B. What fraction of the heat from the roof is lost by radiation?
14.3 What if the roof is painted with aluminum paint? Which has
an emissivity of 0.9 and absorptivity of 0.5. What is the equilibrium
temperature of the roof?
RADIATION IN BOILING

hc is the convective heat transfer coefficient with radiation

ho is the convective heat transfer coefficient without radiation
hr is the radiation heat transfer coefficient
MCCABE PROBLEM 14.9

In boiling water at 1 atm pressure outside a stainless –steel

tube with a surface temperature of 410°F , the heat
transfer coefficient in the absence of radiation is 32
Btu/h.ft2.°F. If the emissivity of the stainless steel is 0.8, will
radiation significantly augment the rate of boiling (ie more
than 5%)?