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Variables in quantitative

research
Mrs. Catherine Calixto-Valera
Classifications of variables
I. Numeric Variables
These are variables with values that describe a
measurable numerical quantity and answer the
questions “how many” or “how much.”
a. Continuous variables- also called interval variables
 Any value between a certain set of real numbers.
The values depend on the scale used.
 Some examples are time, age, temperature,
height, and weight.
Classifications of variables

b. Discrete variables-
 These variables can only assume any whole value
within the limits of the given variable.

 Examples: population of students, number of


registered cars, number of children in the family
Classification of variables
2. Categorical Variables-
These are variables with values that describe a
quality or characteristic of a data unit like “what
type” or “which category.”
a.Ordinal Variables- take a value that can be logically ordered or
ranked.
 Some examples are academic grades such as A,B,C; clothing
size such as X, L, M, S; measures of attitudes like strongly
agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree.
b. Nominal Variables- variables whose values can’t be organized in a logical
sequence.
 business types, eye colors, kinds of religion, types of learners
Classification of variables
c. Dichotomous- These variables represent only 2
categories.
 Some examples are gender (male and female), answer
(yes or no), and veracity (true or false).

d. Polychotomous- variables that have many categories.


 Some examples are educational attainment
(elementary, high school, college, graduate, and
postgraduate), level of performance (excellent, very
good, good, satisfactory, or poor)
Classification of variables
3. Experimental Variables
a. Independent Variables-
 These are usually manipulated in an experiment.
 Also called manipulated, explanatory or change
variable.
b. dependent Variables-
 These are affected by the manipulation of the
independent variables.
 These are also called response, predicted or
outcome variables.
variables
•A student is interested in determining
the effects of exposure to different
colored lights (e.g., yellow, green, red)
on the growth of plants.
Classification of variables
c. Control variable- In an experiment, this variable is held
constant.

In the experiment involving the exposure of


plants to different colored lights, the control
variables are the type of plant, the amount of
soil, and the amount of water given to the
plant.
Classification of variables
d. Extraneous Variables- these are also called mediating or
intervening variables
These are already existing during the conduct of the
experiment and could influence the result of the study
They are also known as covariate variables
Examples:
a.Title of Research: An Experiment on the Methods of Teaching
and Language Achievement Among Elementary Pupils

Independent Variable: Method of Teaching


Dependent Variable: Language Achievement
Extraneous Variables: Ventilation of facilities; physical ambiance
Classification of variables
4. Non-experimental variables
a. Predictor variables- These variables change the other
variable/s in a non-experimental study.
b. Criterion Variables- These are influenced by the predictor
variables
Examples:
Title of Research: Competencies of Teachers and Students’ Behavior
in Selected Private Schools

Predictor Variable: Competencies of teachers


Criterion Variable: Students’ behavior
Classification of variables
5. Variables according to the number being
studied
a. Univariate study- Only one variable is being
studied
b. Bivariate study- Two variables are being
studied
c. Polyvariate study- more than two variables
are being studied
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
6. Levels of Measurement- Variables have four levels or
scales of measurement
a. Nominal- provides label, categorization, or classification
Example: gender (male or female)
b. Ordinal- Provides an order or rank of the value
Example: degree of satisfaction (not satisfied, satisfied, very
satisfied)
c. Interval- numerical scales in which the exact difference between
two values is known.
Example: temperature, time as read on a 12- hour clock.
d. Ratio- Has the property of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales;
- possesses a true zero point (example- work experience)

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