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1 METABOLIC
PROCESS AMONG
LIVING THINGS
Metabolism
Metabolism
The entirely of all the chemical activities that an
organism performs.
In Metabolism energy is usually consumed when
complex molecules are built, and released when
complex molecules are broken down.
A cells metabolism involves thousands of reactions that occur in a
cell.
These reactions are arranged as intersecting METABOLLIC
PATHWAYS.
A METABOLLIC PATHWAYS begins with a specific molecule which is
altered in a series of steps resulting to the production of a certain
product
*Major pathway of CATABOLISM is cellular respiration
in which the sugar,glucose and other organic fuels are
broken down in the presence of oxygen and produce
carbon dioxide and water.
use
to release
energy
to create
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
Refers to the activity by which living things obtain raw materials
from the environment and transport them into their cells.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
is the exchange of gases between the red blood cells and
cells that makes up the various body tissues
Air enters the nose, where it is warmed and humidified
before entering the lungs. When the air reaches the alveoli,
the oxygen diffuses into the blood into the capillaries that
surrounds the alveoli. Cells use this oxygen and produce
carbon dioxide I cellular respiration.
The blood is part of circulatory system that supplies the body with
the nutrients needed to generate energy. The circulatory system also
helps maintain constant body temperature, and carries cells which
help the body from disease. All of these function help the body
maintain homeostasis which is essential to survival
The blood is part of circulatory system that supplies the body with
the nutrients needed to generate energy.
The circulatory system also helps maintain constant body
temperature, and carries cells which help the body from disease. All
of these function help the body maintain homeostasis which is
essential to survival
HOMEOSTASIS
HOMEOSTASIS
refers to the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain
a condition of equilibrium or stability within
its internal environment when dealing with external changes.
An animal’s body has an amazing ability to survive even in
harsh condition.
The cells maintain a biological balance known as homeostasis
by regulating which substancs get in and out of the cell. If
homeostasis is dirupted, cells suffer and sometimes die. This
process maintain the internal condition so that the cell can work
at optimum level.
Even though an organisnm’s external environment may
change, the organism must maintain a stable internal
environment to survive. This is because the life proccesses
of organisms involve many chemical reactions that can
occur only in balanced environment.
Skin- regulates body temperature through
H evaporation of water.
O
Hypothalamus- regulates body temperatures, blood
M pressures, heat rate, hunger, and thirst.
E
O Pancreas- regulates blood sugar by releasing the
hormones insulin and glcagon into blood
S
T
A Kidneys- maintain water balance by filtering blood
S
I Blood- maintains constant body temperature by
distributing heat throughout the body
S
Excretion
EXCRETION
Whether an animal lives on land, in saltwater, or in
freshwater, water balance depends on the regulation of
solute movement between internal fluids and the external
environment. This movement involve the excretory system.
Animals across a wide range of species produce a fluid waste
called urine
During normal metabolism, cells produce wastes such as
carbon dioxide and urea.
When the body breaks down excess amino acids, other
metabolic wastes, especially nitrogen compounds in the
form of ammonia, are released.
The body is able to make ammonia by combining it
with carbon dioxide in the liver to form a less toxic
compound called urea.
Some urea is eliminated from the body through the
skin is perspiration, which is a mixture of water,
minerals and urea.
Water, mineral, salts, and urea are stored in the
bladder as urine until they are eliminated.
Filtration- the excretory
tubule collects filtrate from Reabsorption- the transport
the blood. Water and solutes epithelium reclaims valuable
are forced by blood pressure substances from the filtrate
across selectively permeable and returns them to the body
membranes of a cluster of fluids.
capillaries into the excretory
tubule
Thymus Gland
Thymus is a soft organ located behind the breastbone and between
the lungs. In relation to the organs in the human body, the thymus
is a two-lobed structure that lies almost on top of the heart and
traces up along the trachea.
Lymph nodes
(erroneously called lymph glands) are a part of the lymphatic system, a
component of the body's immune system. Swollen lymph nodes may signal an
infection
Spleen
an abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in
most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system
Bone Marrow
a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are
produced
HORMONES:CHEMICAL
SIGNALS
METAMORPHOSIS
ONE OF THE MANY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
CONTROLLED BY HORMONES
*In animals, a hormones is a molecule secreted
into the extracellular fluid, circulates in the blood,
and communicates messages throughout the
body. In the case of caterpillar, communication by
hormones regulates the timing of metamorphosis
and ensures that different parts of the insect’s
adult body develop in unison.
*Chemical signaling using hormones is the function of
the endocrine system, one of the two basic systems for
communication and regulation throughout the body.
• Example:
• Your adrenal glands prepare your organs to deal with stress.
They make the hormone epinephrine or adrenaline.
The brain and the spinal cord are the nervous system's control
center.
Neurons
which are nerve cells that transfer information within the body. They
transmit sensory information, control heart rate, coordinate hand and
eye movements, record memories, and more.
Three type of neurons: Sensory neurons, motor neurons and
interneurons.
GANGLIA
In more complex animals, this higher-order processing is carried out
largely in groups of neurons organize into a brain or into simpler
clusters called ganglia.
Brain
receiving, analyzing, and storing information about conditions in both
inside and outside of the body.
Skeletal system: The brain is protected by
the skull and the spinal cord is protected
by the vertebrae.
Excretory system: urine formation and Circulatory system: Heart rate and blood
other excretion is regulated by the brain pressure are regulated by the brain.
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Respiratory system: Rate of exchange of Muscular system: Movement of muscles
gases is monitored by the brain. is controlled by the brain